History The first European - Columbus Tribes guanahatabey and Arawaks. The Indians were engaged in hunting and farming. Revolution of 1953 As a result of many incidents and the victory of the revolution, the left-wing government headed by Fidel Castro received power in Cuba, which then leaned towards building socialism. The ruling and only permitted party of the country is the Communist Party of Cuba.
The form of government is a socialist republic of a parliamentary type. The government consists of a state council and a council of ministers. The government is formed by the parliament of the republic, called the National Assembly of People's Power. Administratively, the republic is divided into 16 provinces, which include 169 municipalities. One of the municipalities - Khuventud - reports directly to the central authorities, the rest - to local administrative structures State structure
Foreign relations of Cuba Cuba's once ambitious foreign policy was curtailed as a result of economic hardship after the collapse of the Soviet bloc. Without major Soviet subsidies and its main trading partner, Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered into bilateral cooperation with several South American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia. The US continues the embargo "as long as it continues to refuse to move towards democratization and greater respect for human rights", while the European Union accuses Cuba of "continued violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms". Cuba has developed a growing relationship with the People's Republic of China and Russia. Overall, Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 countries and has provided assistance to civilian workers - mostly medical - in more than 20 countries.
Geographical position and administrative division Cuba is separated from North America by the Florida Strait in the north and the Yucatan Strait in the west. Cuba is bordered by Haiti to the east, the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) to the west, the Florida Peninsula (USA) to the north, and Jamaica to the south. 1. Pinar del Rio (Spanish: Pinar del 6. Rio) 2. Artemisa (Spanish: Artemisa) 7. 3. City of Havana (Spanish: Ciudad de La Habana) 8. 4. Mayabeque (Spanish: Mayabeque) 5. Matanzas (Spanish Matanzas) 9. 10. Cienfuegos (Spanish Cienfueg 11. os) 12. Villa Clara (Spanish Villa 13. Clara) 14. Sancti. Spiritus (Spanish Sancti Spiritus) 15. Ciego de. Avila (Spanish Ciego de Avila) 16. Camagüey (Spanish Camagüey) Las Tunas (Spanish Las Tunas) Granma (Spanish Granma) Holguin (Spanish Holguin) Santiago de. Cuba (Spanish: Santiago de Cuba) Guantanamo (Spanish: Guantan amo) Isla de la Juventud (Spanish: Isla de la Juventud)
Location and relief Cuba is located at the junction of North, Central and South America, on the island of Cuba. The island is framed by reefs and other coral formations. The territory of Cuba is 110,860 km². The island stretches from west to east for 1250 km. In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters caribbean, in the northwest by the Gulf of Mexico, and in the northeast by the Atlantic Ocean. The relief of Cuba is predominantly flat. Hills and mountains occupy about a third of the territory. The three main mountain systems are the Cordillera de. Guaniguanico in the west, Escambray in the central part and Sierra Maestra in the east.
Population The main demographic indicators of Cuba for 2016: Births: 119,822 people Deaths: 87,330 people Natural increase in population: 32,492 people Migration increase in population: -16,075 people Males: 5,742,226 people (as of December 31, 2016) Females : 5,674,921 people (est. December 31, 2016) Population of Cuba. 11. 39 million people (2015) The ethnic composition of Cuba. 65% - descendants of Europeans, 20% - mulattoes, 12% - Africans, 1% - Chinese. Population of Cuba, million people
Religion in Cuba The majority of believers are Catholics (47%), Protestants (4%) and adherents of the so-called "Santeria" - a syncretic cult based on African pagan beliefs, mixed with the cult of some Christian saints. The church is separated from the state, freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed
Climate Cuba is located in the tropical climate zone, which is strongly influenced by the trade winds and the warm current of the Gulf Stream. The average temperature in January is 22.5 °C, in August - 27.8 °C. The average annual rainfall in the plains is 1000 - 1200 mm, and in the mountains it reaches 3800 mm. The rainy season lasts from May to October, with the heaviest rains occurring in June and October. Hurricanes are possible in autumn. The dry season lasts from November to April and is most pronounced in the flat areas of the south of the country (for example, in the Cauto River basin).
Water resources Almendares River in the western part of Cuba, length - 47 km. It flows to the northwest, flowing into the Strait of Florida near the city of Havana. On the banks of the river is the City Park of Havana, or Almendares Park, as well as numerous industrial enterprises, including the food and construction industries, breweries, gas storage facilities, and paper mills. In this regard, the leadership of Havana plans to clean up the river, including the introduction of water quality control, the closure and reorganization of enterprises, the reconstruction of the park, and the creation of a vast green zone along the river. Cauto River in Cuba in the provinces of Santiago de Cuba and Granma, the longest on the island. It is located in the southeastern part of the island. Originating in the Sierra Maestra, it flows west and northwest, emptying into the Gulf of Guacanaybo north of the city of Manzanillo. With a total length of 343 km, the river is navigable only for 110 km of the lower reaches. The water is not suitable for drinking.
Economy Benefits: The tourism industry attracts foreign investors. Export of sugar and nickel. Elite cigars. The banking sector is strengthening. Oil rigs. Weaknesses: Due to the US embargo, lack of access to important markets and investments. Acute currency deficit. Fluctuations in world prices for sugar and nickel. Complicated trade restrictions discourage investment. Bad infrastructure. Shortage of fuel, fertilizers and spare parts.
Agriculture Cooperative forms of land use occupy the greatest weight, and among them a special role is given to UBPS (Basic Units of Cooperative Production), which number about 2500 farms, produce 22% vegetables, 42% milk, 36% citrus fruits, 16% fruits, 38% rice, 22% coffee, 12% root vegetables and 7% tobacco. Much attention is also paid to cane crop production itself, the expansion of sown areas by best lands, bringing the maturity of the cane to the required limits. In order to create a reserve for future safras, the production of sugar per season is planned to be slightly below 4.3 million tons, and at the same time, planting in new areas will be intensified in compliance with advanced agrotechnical requirements.
Industry Sugarcane produces the largest crop in Cuba and has always provided the largest export item in the country's budget. Reed is grown throughout the island, but mainly in the eastern half. The government regulates the entire sugar industry and the prices of the final product. Sugar production reached 7.6 million tons in 1970, 7.9 million tons in 1979, 6.7 million tons in 1980 (pests reduced the yield of the year), 8 million tons in 1985 and 3.5 million tons in 1999. Cuba has mechanical cane harvesters, and by 1998 there were 7,400 of them. Cuba and Russia signed several financial and investment agreements in 1992 and 1993 that stipulated that Russia would supply fuel, spare parts, fertilizers, and herbicides in exchange for Cuba's sugar. Today, at least 2 million tons of Cuban sugar are imported into Russia annually. The sugar industry also provides the basis for other significant Cuban industries and exports - the production and export of molasses, ethyl alcohol, the world-famous Cuban rum and other spirits, the production of chipboard, the production of yeast. Tobacco is Cuba's second most important crop in terms of yield and export. The world-wide fame and glory of Cuban cigars lies primarily in the quality of Cuban tobacco, which cannot be grown of such quality and aroma without an appropriate microclimate. Tobacco is grown on small farms and requires intensive cultivation. 70% of all tobacco in Cuba is grown in the Province of Pinar del Rio. In the late 1970s, the average annual production of tobacco was about 35,000 tons per year, but crop disease in 1979 caused production to drop to 8,200 tons in 1980. Later, production was gradually restored to the level of 37,000 tons in 1999. Other major crops Crops are oranges (400,000 tons per year), lemon and lime (21,000 tons per year), grapefruit (300,000 tons per year) and rice (420,000 tons per year).
Tourism in Cuba attracts more than 2 million people annually and is one of the main sources of income for the island nation. Among the factors influencing the popularity of Cuba as a holiday destination is the high attractiveness of its natural, historical and cultural recreational resources. After the Cuban Revolution of 1959, interstate relations between Cuba and the United States deteriorated significantly. Since 1960, the United States has banned its citizens from visiting "Liberty Island" and placed an embargo on trade with Cuba. From 1960 to 1991, the Soviet Union provided significant economic support to Cuba. Free funds and resources were directed to the development of tourism infrastructure, which helped to attract the necessary investments from other countries to the island. All this led to the fact that the income from the tourism industry exceeded the traditional export industries of Cuba - the production of sugar, rum, cigars, fruits and fishing. Most of the tourists visiting Cuba come from Canada and European countries. The main tourist infrastructure (hotels, beaches, restaurants, etc.) is concentrated around Varadero, Cayo Coco, Holguin, as well as in the capital of the state - Havana.
History of Cuba. The settlement of Cuba began in the fourth millennium BC. Apparently, the first inhabitants of the island moved there from the South and Central America. The Indians knew agriculture, grew corn and other food crops, hunted birds, rodents, hunted turtles and fish. By the time of the Spanish conquest of Cuba at the beginning of the 16th century, the bulk of the Indians lived in the conditions of the decay of the primitive communal system. On October 28, 1492, the first expedition of Columbus, which set off in search of rich overseas lands and marked the beginning of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, reached the Northeast coast of Cuba. On the same day, he wrote in his diary that the eyes of man have never seen more beautiful than this island. In 1510, the Spanish colonization of Cuba began. By 1514, the Spaniards had founded seven cities from the first capital of Baracoa in the far east to Havana. Later, all of them, except for Baracoa, changed their location. The colonization of the island was accompanied by the almost complete destruction of the Indians. They offered heroic resistance to the Spaniards under the leadership of their leaders - Atuey and Guama.
Information for the presentation of Cuba
Cuba is known all over the world under a different romantic name "Freedom Island", although this unofficial name has been used by this island nation only since 1959, when a revolution led by Fidel Castro won on the island. Today Cuba is a developed socialist state with a population of about 12 million people.
Cuba is located on the island of the same name and many other small islands that are part of the Greater Antilles. Most of the country is the island of Cuba, with an area of approximately 105 thousand square kilometers. Other islands of the Cuban state make up less than 5% of its territory. It should be noted that as a result of the conflict between Spain and the United States, the Americans received the right to own a small piece of land Guantanamo, where today the world-famous military base is located. Cuba is washed on all sides by the Caribbean Sea, and its beaches, located almost along the entire coast of the country, are the best in the world.
All beaches of the Cuban coast are free and are the property of the local municipality. Only a few hotels have small sections of the coast assigned to them, on which local residents are not allowed.
Cuba has an amazing warm and mild climate due to its geographic location. Cuba is separated from the US state of Florida only by the small Florida Strait, which is 153 km wide. A warm current passes on the surface of the strait, which is part of the Gulf Stream. Warm sea currents passing along the shores of the island, even in winter, provide a water temperature on Cuban beaches of at least 22 C, and in summer time this figure is 27-29 C. The Cuban climate as a whole is tropical trade winds, which leads to a clear division into 2 seasons: dry and rainy. Rains occur in Cuba during the period from May to October, dry, sunny weather reigns here from November to April.
Weather in Cuba
Cuba is separated from the Yucatan Peninsula, which is Mexican territory, by a short distance by sea. The island of Cuba is also surrounded by heavenly places, including Jamaica, the Bahamas and the Dominican Republic. Cuba is separated from these places by small straits with a width of 70-160 km.
In clear weather, from the coast of Cuba, located in the north, you can see Florida, because the distance to it is no more than 150 km. The proximity of America haunts illegal immigrants crossing the strait in their makeshift boats.
The flight time to Liberty Island is approximately 12 hours. From Russia, direct flights are operated by Aeroflot and Transaero airlines, whose aircraft land in Havana and Varadero North resort town Cuba, whose beaches are the best in this part of the world, which was recognized by UNESCO. Regular flights to Cuba are made only from two Russian cities, St. Petersburg and Moscow. Many charter flights also make departures from the capital's airports, which is why travelers should take care of finding convenient connecting flights in advance.
Flora Due to the even climate and fertile soils, more than 3,000 species of tropical fruit plants and flowers grow in Cuba. The moist red and reddish-brown soils of the plains and low slopes are home to tropical rainforests of numerous deciduous and evergreen species, including the royal palm and the cana palm.
Flora In some of the wetter mountainous regions, forests of mahogany, guaiac, logwood and cedarwood are found. Some areas are occupied by vegetation like cereal savannahs. The areas of the southeast coast and some others are characterized by thorny small-leaved shrubs with an admixture of cacti and agaves.
Flora The official flower of Cuba is the mariposa flower of the ginger family, symbolizing purity, rebelliousness and independence. It is found in the humid river deltas and numerous lagoons of the island, as well as in the gardens of every self-respecting Cuban.
Animal world Fauna The fauna of Cuba due to its insular position is rather poor. In addition, he suffered greatly as a result of economic activity person. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.
Fauna Fauna of Cuba, the largest of the islands of the West Indies, is characterized by a small number of vertebrates and a significant number of endemics. Twenty species of birds living there are found nowhere else, including the smallest bird in the world, the bee hummingbird, weighing only 2 grams.
Fauna The national bird of Cuba is the Cuban trogon. The Strogon order includes brightly colored birds that fit well with their exotic beauty in tropical forests. The bright red-white-blue plumage of the Cuban tarragona matches the colors of the national flag. It is believed that a trogon deprived of liberty dies of a ruptured heart.
Animals In the east of Cuba, several populations of one of the rarest species of mammals, the insectivorous Cuban flint-tooth, were found. This species was recently considered extinct and was listed in the register of extinct species. By appearance resembles a badger, but differs in the long nose characteristic of insectivores.
Population People of mixed origin. By the time the Spaniards arrived here, Cuba was inhabited by the tribes of Siboney, Arawak Indians, Guanachanabeys and Indians who had migrated from Haiti. But as a result of the Spanish colonization, the Indians were mostly exterminated. Language - Spanish
History Until the end of the 16th century, Cuba was inhabited by Indian tribes. The Guanahatabey people moved to the island from the mainland, presumably in the 6th millennium BC. In 1511, Diego Velasquez de Cuellar founded the first settlement in Cuba, Asuncion. Cuba was under Spanish rule until 1898, when, as a result of the Spanish-American War, it came under US control. The American occupation of the island officially ended on January 1, 1902, when Cuba's first elected president, Tomás Estrada Palma, took office. In 1933, as a result of a military coup, Fulgencio Batista came to power, who remained at the head of the state until 1959, when he was overthrown as a result of the revolution. A generation of politicians led by Fidel Castro, who since 1961 announced the country's socialist orientation, was in power. Currently, Cuba remains one of several states that continue to declare their socialist orientation. Diego Velazquez de Cuellar Fulgencio Batista
Holidays January 1-2 - Liberation Day (the victory of the Cuban revolution in 1959). May 1 - International Workers' Day, Labor Day. July 26 - National Revolt Day (attack on the Moncada barracks in Santiago de Cuba, July 25 and 27 are also days off). October 10 - Anniversary of the beginning of the wars for independence from Spanish rule, Day of Cuban Culture. December 25 - Christmas. Festivals Guitar Karosas
Cuisine of Cuba Gastronomic delights are largely borrowed from the indigenous population or colonizers. Different regions have their own unique recipes. Cuban cuisine is based on seafood, in which the population does not feel the need. A variety of meats, vegetables and fruits are eaten. The peculiar geography of Cuba also reflected on national dishes. One of the most popular dishes is ajiaco, which is made from meat and vegetables. Fried pork - lechon is also very common in island nation. The meat is most often served with a sauce with lots of tomatoes and garlic. Rum, beer, cocktails and lemonade for every taste are sold in all cafes and beach bars.
Minerals Cuba occupies one of the leading places in the world in nickel mining (2nd place in the world in terms of reserves and 3rd in production), has significant reserves of chromium, manganese, iron and copper ores, asbestos, rock salt, and phosphorites. Oil and gas fields have been discovered in the west of the country. Transport The island of Cuba has Railway(Cuban Railway), road network. Maritime and air communications have been established with other countries. Cuba's leading airline, Cubana de Aviación, has offices in 32 countries around the world.
References: 1) Cuba - Wikipedia 2) Cuba travel agency 3) colina.html Cuba Hotel colina.html 4) c47-Cuba.html Attractions of Cuba c47-Cuba.html
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The largest of the islands of the states of the Caribbean region, the Republic of Cuba occupies the island of the same name off the coast of the continent. Cuban poets compare their island to a green lizard lying on the blue of the ocean.
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The Triangle Flag is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. White symbolizes the purity of the aspirations of the revolutionaries and justice, red - the blood shed in the struggle for independence.
Coat of arms - The national coat of arms represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections. In its horizontal upper part there is a golden key between two mountains, the sun rising over the sea - which symbolizes the position of Cuba in the Gulf - Cuba is the key to the Gulf of Mexico, between the two Americas. The blue and white stripes at the bottom left represent the state's insular position during the colonial period. Right side, Cuban landscape, the royal palm is a symbol of the inflexible character of the Cuban people.
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In the south, Cuba is washed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea. Cuba is bordered by the Bahamas to the northeast, Haiti, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands to the south, the Yucatan Strait to the west from Mexico, and the Florida Strait to the north from the United States of America. The island of Cuba stretches along the equator for 1200 km, its width varies from 30 to 190 km. An important element of the coast are coral reefs, atolls and numerous small islands. Cuban reefs are the third longest in the world.
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Climate
The climatic conditions and resources of Cuba are determined, first of all, by the position of the territory immediately south of the tropic, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as by the passage of warm currents near the island that form the Gulf Stream. Cuba has huge thermal resources of solar heat. Average monthly temperatures on the plains are always high: in January 22.5, in August 27.8. But fluctuations in extreme temperatures are quite significant. The average maximum temperature on the plains exceeds 30.
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Tectonic structure and minerals
According to the tectonic structure, Cuba is included in the Antilles-Caribbean region of the Cordillera fold belt. At the same time, it combines the folded structures of the Antilles island arcs and subplatform areas. Especially characteristic of Cuba is the wide distribution of young limestones. Currently, Cuba is in a zone of high seismicity (up to 7 points). The now heavily depleted copper deposits are associated with folded structures. There are also manganese ores, and bauxite deposits are possible. But the main mineral wealth of Cuba of world importance is the reserves of nickel ores combined with cobalt. Cuba is well endowed with raw materials for the building materials industry. Some coastal areas have signs of oil. The almost complete absence of fuel and energy resources creates great difficulties for economic development.
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Animal world
The fauna of Cuba, due to its insular position, is rather poor. In addition, it has suffered greatly as a result of human activities. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.
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Holidays
New Year-b Most of the Cuban population professes Catholicism, but Catholic Christmas in December is not celebrated here as brightly as, for example, in Europe. This is due to strict prohibitions associated with the communist past of the republic. It was forbidden to celebrate Christmas as a religious holiday here until 1998.
But the New Year is celebrated here cheerfully - after the New Year's dinner with the family, Cubans and guests of the Island of Freedom go out to the squares or beaches and have fun until the morning - fortunately, the hot climate contributes to this much more than ours. IN new year's eve you can go to a disco, a concert, walk along the streets of big cities (where new year holidays celebrated most brightly) or celebrate a holiday on the beach, admiring the stars.
havana carnival- held on weekends from July 15 to August 15.
The main actions of the Havana Carnival take place on the capital's Malecon embankment. There, dressed in enchanting costumes, participants have fun, drink and dance from morning to night. Huge platforms move along the main street of the city, on which various carnival teams from all over Cuba compete in brightness and rhythm. Carnival participants prepare costumes, dances and shows for almost the whole year in order to become the best at this carnival procession.
The highlight of the Havana Carnival is the procession of giant figures that represent Cuban politicians. Music is heard everywhere, salutes and fireworks are exploding. So if you want to participate in this unique holiday of soul and heart, then go to Cuba from July to August.
Carnival in Santiago de Cuba
At the end of July, another carnival takes place - not in Havana, but in Santiago de Cuba. During the days of the carnival, festive processions pass through the streets of the city, fireworks sound and music plays, and hot Cuban guys and girls dance so contagiously that all tourists are instantly drawn into this celebration of life. And hot exotic cocktails give them inspiration to dance until the morning.
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FLAG The triangle is a symbol of freedom, equality and fraternity, and the three blue stripes represent the three parts into which the Spaniards divided Cuba. ARMS The national coat of arms represents the island. It is designed like a leather shield and is divided into three sections.
CLIMATE Cuba has huge thermal resources of solar heat. Average monthly temperatures on the plains are always high: in January 22.5, in August 27.8. But fluctuations in extreme temperatures are quite significant. The average maximum temperature on the plains exceeds 30.
According to the tectonic structure, Cuba is included in the Antilles-Caribbean region of the Cordillera fold belt. Cuba is well endowed with raw materials for the building materials industry. But the main mineral wealth of Cuba of world importance is the reserves of nickel ores combined with cobalt. Some coastal areas have signs of oil. The almost complete absence of fuel and energy resources creates great difficulties for economic development. Tectonic structure and minerals
ANIMAL WORLD The fauna of Cuba due to its insular position is quite poor. There are no predatory animals and poisonous snakes in Cuba, there are many bats, a very rich species composition of birds, insects and terrestrial mollusks, a diverse species composition of fish, sea turtles, many shrimps and lobsters.
The famous Cuban cigars are produced by 6 tobacco factories An important source of income is international tourism In terms of nickel ore reserves, Cuba ranks 5th in the world Medicine at the highest level with low cost of services Cobalt ore accounts for 26% of world reserves The main branch of the economy is the sugar industry (about 170 sugar mills) STRENGTHS
Economy of Cuba. Negative sides. Due to the US embargo, lack of access to important markets and investments. Acute currency deficit. Fluctuations in world prices for sugar and nickel. Sophisticated trade restrictions and a lack of regulation discourage investment. Bad infrastructure. Shortage of fuel, fertilizers and spare parts.
Main religion: Catholicism, various African religions are common. Most of the people living in the country are Cubans. In addition to them, on the island you can easily meet "neighbors" from Haiti, Chinese, Jews, Americans, Japanese and Europeans.