The basis for the development of a new excursion route is usually the new excursion objects included in the route.
Of the huge potential of monuments of nature, history, archeology, available in our region, a small part is shown on excursions.
Creating a new excursion on any topic is a complex process that requires the active participation of a whole team of employees. The preparation of a new excursion is entrusted to the creative team. It consists of 3 to 7 people. For the most part, these are guides working in the institution. “The preparation of a new excursion goes through three main stages:
1. Preliminary work - selection of materials for a future excursion, their study. At the same time, there is a selection of objects on which the excursion will be built.
2 The direct development of the excursion itself includes: drawing up an excursion route; processing of actual material; work on the content of the excursion, its main part, consisting of several main questions; writing control text; work on the methodology of the excursion; selection of the most effective methods of showing and telling during the tour; preparation of methodological development of a new excursion; writing individual texts by guides.
3. The final step is the reception (protection of the excursion) on the route. Approval of a new excursion by the head of the excursion institution, admission of guides who have defended their topic to work on the route.
In its simplest form, the scheme of all excursions, regardless of the topic, type and form of conduct, is the same: introduction, main part, conclusion.
The main part is built on specific sightseeing objects, a combination of story and show. Its content consists of several sub-themes, which must be revealed on the objects and united by the theme. The number of subtopics of the excursion is usually from 5 to 12.
The conclusion, like the introduction, is not connected with excursion objects. It should take 5-7 minutes.
In the process of preparing a new excursion, a number of main stages can be distinguished, which are arranged in a certain order:
1. Defining the goals and objectives of the tour.
Topic selection.
Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography.
Determination of sources of excursion material.
Selection and study of excursion objects.
Planning an itinerary.
Detour or detour.
Preparation of the control text of the excursion.
Acquisition of the "guide's portfolio".
Determination of methodological methods for conducting excursions.
Determination of the technique of conducting excursions.
Drawing up a methodological development.
Compilation of individual texts.
Reception (delivery) of excursions.
Excursion confirmation.
Documentation required for each theme:
List of references on the topic;
Object cards;
Excursion control text;
4) Individual texts of guides;
5) Route plan
Tour guide's briefcase;
Methodological development on the topic;
Excursion materials;
List of guides who conduct excursions on the topic.
Therefore, the creation of a new excursion is a complex process that requires great effort and skill of a number of employees of the excursion institution.
Each excursion should have a target setting. The purpose of the tour is for the sake of which the tourists are shown monuments of history, culture and other objects. The correct definition of the goal is of great importance: it can influence the formulation of the topic, help in the selection and coverage of material. The tour show and story should be subordinated to the ultimate goal. As the purpose of the excursion may be the education of patriotism, respect for work, other peoples; aesthetic or moral education; expanding horizons, obtaining additional knowledge in various fields of science and culture, etc.
Topic selection
Each tour should have a clearly defined theme, which is the subject of a show and a story and a meaningful core of the tour, since it is the theme that determines the selection of excursion objects and unites the subtopics of the tour and a single whole.
The theme regulates the tour story, preventing the guide from telling everything about the object that he knows about it, especially in cases where the object is multifaceted. The theme also regulates the display of excursion objects: but the route of the group can be located numerous objects, but only those that relate to the topic of this excursion should be shown.
Each topic is a collection of several sub-themes, which should be characterized by completeness and logical completeness. The compositional center of the excursion, around which the show and the story is built, is the leading sub-theme.
A topic has been chosen, you need to think about its wording. Therefore, the theme of the excursion and its name are not the same thing. The name of the tour is its business card, so it should be bright, memorable, adequate to the content of the tour, as short as possible.
Literature selection and bibliography compilation
During the development of a new excursion, information on the topic can be drawn from literary sources: books, brochures, articles. A lot of useful information on the history of the region, region or city can be obtained from the local periodical press.
Determination of sources of excursion material
In addition to literature, materials on the topic of the excursion can also be found in other sources, which include state and personal archives, expositions and museum funds, newsreels, popular science, art, computer encyclopedias, photographic documents, etc. As sources of excursion The material can be the memories of participants and eyewitnesses of metric events, consultations of specialists and scientists.
Selection and study of excursion objects
As sightseeing objects can be: monuments of architecture and urban planning - architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remnants of ancient planning and development of settlements;
· monuments of archeology - ancient settlements, mounds, earthen ramparts, remains of ancient settlements, roads, canals, burial mounds, stone statues, rock carvings;
· monuments of art - works of monumental, fine arts, decorative and applied arts, and other types of art;
· monuments of nature - forests, groves, gardens, parks, rivers, lakes, ponds, nature reserves and sanctuaries, individual trees, relict;
· exposition of state and folk museums, art galleries, permanent and temporary exhibitions;
· memorable places - places associated with the most important events in the life of the country, the development of society and the state.
The status of a monument is assigned to the most foamy objects from the aesthetic or historical side, after which state or local inspections for the protection of monuments are engaged in their protection. At the end of the XX century. more than 150 thousand monuments of history, archeology and culture were registered by the state, and about 40 million exhibits were stored in the country's museums.
The task in preparing the tour is to select the most interesting monuments in terms of their appearance and the information they carry from a variety of monuments that correspond to the theme of the tour, since the correct selection of objects, their quantity, and the sequence of display affect the quality and effectiveness of the tour.
The correct selection of monuments as sightseeing objects provides a visual basis for the perception of the excursion and a deep disclosure of its theme.
The tour can include both objects of the same group, such as monuments of architecture, and objects of different groups: monuments of architecture, history, nature, memorable places. The set of objects depends on the same factors: the topic of the excursion, its purpose, the composition of the excursion group. Monotony in the construction of the visual range should be avoided, especially in city sightseeing tours.
During the preparation of the excursion, it is recommended to study the objects directly at the location, in their natural environment. This allows the guide to freely navigate around the monument, skillfully lead a show with it, and give a clearer verbal description.
The selection of excursion objects ends with the preparation of a card, or passport, for each of them. The card contains information that characterizes this object in many ways:
1) the name of the object (original and modern, as well as the one by which the monument is known among the population);
the historical event with which the monument is associated, its date;
location of the object, its postal address;
source of information about the monument (literature, archival data, oral traditions, etc.);
6) the preservation of the monument (the state of the monument and the territory on which it is located, the date of the last repair, restoration). protection of the monument (to whom it is entrusted, by what decision); 7) excursions in which the monument is used as an object of display;
8) the date of drawing up the card.
A photograph of the object is attached to the card, reproducing its current and former views.
Thus, when developing a non-excursion, the objects that make up the visual basis in the disclosure of the topic are of decisive importance. The completion of work on the selection of objects for the future excursion and their characteristics allows us to proceed to compiling the route of the excursion.
Planning an excursion itinerary
The tour route is a well-thought-out, most convenient way for the tour group to follow, contributing to the disclosure of the topic.
The preparation of the route is determined by the theme of the excursion, the location of the objects, the availability of paths for entrances (approaches) and platforms for displaying and inspecting objects. The excursion route should be built in such a way as to ensure the display of objects in a logical sequence and create a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.
When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the "Rules of the Road", "Charter of Road Transport", "Rules for the Transportation of Passengers" and other departmental regulations. The development of a transport route is completed by calculating the mileage and time of using the vehicle.
Detour or detour
When organizing a detour or bypass route, the following tasks are set: to get acquainted with the route of the group along the route; clarify the location of objects and places of proposed stops; to master the entrance or approach to objects and places of parking of vehicles; choose sites for the excursion approach and the location of the group; conduct a timing of the display of objects, their verbal characteristics, movement between objects, specifying the duration of the tour as a whole.
Preparation of the control text of the excursion
The text is the material necessary for the most complete disclosure of all the subtopics of the excursion. It formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events to which the excursion is dedicated, and gives their objective assessment. Working on the text allows the guide to carefully consider the material for the story, select the main thing, outline the logical course of presentation of the material, generalize it, formulate conclusions and logical transitions from one subtopic to another or from one object to another.
The following requirements are imposed on the text: brevity, clarity of wording, availability of information on the topic, a sufficient amount of factual material (dates, numbers, names, surnames, etc.), full disclosure of the topic, literary language.
Control text should be easy to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.
Acquisition of the "portfolio of the guide"
"Guide's briefcase" is the code name for a set of visual aids used during the tour. In reality, a set of materials is placed in a folder, a bag or a small briefcase.
The purpose of the "portfolio guide" is to restore the missing links during the show, to give a visual representation of the object. This is expedient when not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic can be shown in kind: something has not been preserved, but something still exists only in the project. In a word, the "guide's portfolio" allows you to maximize the visual range of the excursion with emotional bright material that can help the guide bring the story to life.
The "guide's portfolio" includes cards with quotes, photographs, geographical maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, copies of original documents, manuscripts, reproductions of works of fine art, product samples of industrial enterprises, herbariums, collections of minerals, soils, insects, models, dummies.
Determination of methodological methods for conducting an excursion
The choice of this or that methodical method of display or story is determined by the objectives of the excursion, the saturation of visual objects, the excursion audience, the time of the excursion.
Methodological techniques used during the excursion can be divided into several groups:
methodological techniques of the tour show and story, necessary to cover the subtopics of the tour;
methodological techniques for working with a specific excursion audience (adults, children);
methodological techniques for different times of the excursion (winter, summer, day, evening);
methodological techniques for using visual aids from the "guide's portfolio";
methodological techniques that contribute to the preservation of the attention of tourists and the activation of the process of perception of excursion material.
Definition of excursion technique
Excursion technique - these are all the organizational aspects of the excursion process, which the guide must clearly imagine and know how to implement them. The organizational moments of the excursion include the following: the guide's acquaintance with the group, the exit of the tourists from the bus, etc.
Drawing up a methodological development
A methodological development is a document that determines how to conduct this excursion, how to organize a display of objects and a story about them, what methodology and technique of conducting should be applied in order for the excursion to be most successful. The methodological development summarizes and summarizes all the previous work of the guide in preparing the excursion.
The actual methodological development, reflecting the composition of the excursion, consists of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are drawn up in the form of a brief plan outlining the sequence of the guide's actions.
Drawing up an individual text of the excursion
The individual text is the basis of the guide's story or is a story ready for execution), The individual text contains a complete and clear statement of what should be told on the tour. The material is placed in the same sequence in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts.
The main difference between the individual text and the control text is in accordance with the route of the excursion. The individual and control texts coincide in content, in assessments of historical events and facts, in conclusions that are drawn on certain subtopics and on the topic of the excursion and in general.
Reception (delivery) of excursions. Excursion approval
For the acceptance (delivery) of the excursion and its approval, the following documentation on the topic of the excursion is required:
1) a list of references on the topic (the weight of the book, brochures, articles that were used in the development are listed);
cards (passports) of objects included in the route (contain information characterizing the excursion object: type of monument, its name, event with which it is associated, location, brief description, authors and time of creation of the monument, sources of information about it):
the control text of the excursion (contains material selected and verified according to sources, revealing the topic; the content of the text reveals subtopics and main issues, serves as the basis for the introduction, conclusion, logical transition);
4) an individual text of the guide (contains the material presented by a specific guide in accordance with the methodological development, the structure of the excursion, its route; characteristics of objects and events);
5) scheme (map) of the route (the route of the group is shown, the beginning and end of the route, objects of display, places are indicated; for their observation, stops for the group to go to the objects);
"portfolio of the guide" (contains photographs, diagrams, drawings, copies of documents, product samples of enterprises and other visual aids);
materials on the topic of the excursion (abstracts, references, tables, digital material, quotations from literary works, etc.)
methodological development of the excursion (contains recommendations for conducting the excursion: methodically methods and storytelling are called, the sequence of demonstrating objects, visual aids, the technique of conducting an excursion, taking into account a differentiated approach to sightseers, is determined).
Thus, the preparation of a new excursion is a long, complex and laborious process. After the guide has gone through all the above stages of preparing the tour and the tour has been accepted and approved by the head of the institution conducting the tour, it is advisable to consider and master the features and methodology of the tour.
9th grade student Taryncheva Anastasia
Our city Bolgar today is a famous tourist city of Tatarstan. Such places as the Bulgarian Architectural Museum-Reserve, the White Mosque, the Bread Museum attract not only Russian but also foreign tourists. But there are places in our area that are rarely visited by the average tourist. We are in our project, we offer to stay with us longer and visit places associated with the history, architecture and nature of our region.
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State budget health-improving educational institution of a sanatorium type for children in need of long-term treatment, "Bulgarian sanatorium boarding school"
Project work on the topic:
"Development of a tourist route for historical and natural attractions of the Spassky district»
9th grade student Taryncheva Anastasia
Scientific adviser:
Arinina Elena Khasiyatullovna
Geography teacher
Bolgar - 2015
1.Introduction..……………………………………………………………………………………………2
2. Project Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ..........3
3.Tourism in the Spassky District………………………………………………………………………4
4. Description of the route.…………………………………………………………………………..5
5.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..8
6. Literature used……………………………………………………………………...9
1. Introduction.
Tourism, as one of the highly profitable sectors of the economy, is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century for its rapid pace of development.
In many countries, tourism plays a significant role in shaping the gross domestic product. , activation of the foreign trade balance , ensuring employment of the population and creating additional jobs, has a positive impact on such key sectors of the economy as transport and communications, construction, agriculture, culture, art, production of consumer goods and others.
The Republic of Tatarstan, including our Spassky district, has a rich historical and cultural heritage and natural and recreational resources that contribute to both the development of domestic tourism and the reception of foreign citizens. Taking into account the above factors, the tourism sector of the republic should be declared a priority direction of the national economy.
Objective of the project:
- Contribute to the further formation of a modern tourism industry on the territory of the Spassky District as one of the leading branches of specialization.
Tasks:
- Collection of information about recreational resources of the Spassky district
- Development of an excursion program for the Spassky district for several days with visits to such places as Rabiga-Kul, Suvar, with. Antonovka, Bulgar settlement and others.
- Creation of a presentation "Development of a tourist route through the historical and natural sights of the Spassky District".
2. Project methodology.
Creating a new excursion on any topic is a complex process.
Preparation of a new excursion goes through several stages:
- Preliminary work - selection of materials for a future excursion, their study. At the same time, there is a selection of objects on which the excursion will be built.
- The direct development of the excursion itself includes: drawing up an excursion route; processing of actual material; work on the content of the excursion, its main part, consisting of several main questions
- Determining the purpose and objectives of the excursion - work on any new excursion begins with a clear definition of its purpose. This helps the authors of the tour to work in a more organized way in the future. The purpose of the tour is for the sake of which historical and cultural monuments and other objects are shown to tourists.
- Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography - in the course of developing a new excursion, a list of books, brochures, articles published in newspapers and magazines is compiled that reveal the topic. The purpose of the list is to determine the approximate boundaries of the forthcoming work on the study of literary sources, to assist guides in using the necessary factual and theoretical material in preparing the text.
- Selection and study of excursion objects - the correct selection of objects, their number, sequence of display affect the quality of the excursion. Objects can be:
- memorable places associated with historical events in the life of our city, the development of society and the state;
- buildings and structures, memorial monuments associated with the life and work of prominent personalities;
- natural objects - forests, groves, parks, rivers, lakes, ponds, reserves and reserves;
- archeological monuments - settlements, ancient sites, settlements, mounds with burials, earthen ramparts, sanctuaries, etc.;
To evaluate the objects that are included in the tour, it is recommended to use the following criteria:
Cognitive value - the connection of an object with a specific historical event, with a certain era, the life and work of a famous figure in science and culture, the artistic merits of the monument, the possibility of their use in the aesthetic education of excursion participants.
Fame of the object, its popularity among the population.
Unusual (exotic) object. This refers to the peculiarity, uniqueness of a monument of history and culture, buildings, structures. The unusualness of the object can also be associated with some historical event, at the site of the installation of this monument, with a legend or historical event. Exoticism can be natural.
The expressiveness of the object, that is, the external expressiveness of the object, its interaction with the background, the environment - buildings, structures, nature.
Object safety. An assessment is made of the state of the object at the moment, its readiness for showing to the tourists.
The location of the object. When selecting objects, the distance to the monument, the convenience of access to it, the suitability of the road for vehicles, the possibility of transporting sightseers to the object, the natural environment surrounding the object, the availability of a place suitable for the location of the group for the purpose of observation should be taken into account.
Temporary restriction of the display of the object (by time of day, by day, month, season) is when visiting and viewing the object is impossible due to poor visibility or seasonality
3. Tourism in the Spassky district.
The development of tourism in the Spassky municipal district should be considered not only the development of the Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve and adjacent infrastructure, but the integrated development of the entire Spassky tourist zone and the development of tourism in Tatarstan as a whole.
The ancient city of Bolgar is one of the iconic objects of the tourist infrastructure of Tatarstan. Along with the island city of Sviyazhsk, it was included in the list of historical and cultural heritage sites developed with the participation of the Renaissance Foundation under the personal control of Rustam Minnikhanov and the first president of the Republic of Tatarstan. In 2014, 285 thousand people visited the ancient city, of which 2 thousand were foreign tourists.
One of the main events and results of the five years of work of the Renaissance Foundation was the inclusion of Bolgar in the listUNESCO World Heritage Site
Bolgar is a city that people visit with excursions for one day only.
As a rule, tourists come to Tatarstan for a three-day tour and come to Bulgar only for one day. Perhaps partly because there are no established routes for longer periods,
although in addition to historical places in the Spassky district there is beautiful nature. Thus, perhaps, we would like to attract people to outdoor recreation in a beautiful and historically significant place. Why not?
Tourists will be able to come with their families, and the infrastructure in our area is developing, currently being builtnew modern hotel. .
In addition, our places are also places of pilgrimage, so it is possible to develop religious tourism.
It must be understood that Bolgar has already gone beyond the one-day route. The exposition of the place is such that tourists can stay for two days or even more. The water area of the Volga and nature itself contribute to the creation of hiking trails. That is, it is not only a cultural and educational visit, but also outdoor recreation and fresh air.
The only problem in Bolgar is the lack of accommodation, and, of course, if a functional hotel and entertainment complex is built there soon, then perhaps our project will become interesting, as it offers a longer and more interesting route.
4. Description of the route.
Description of the main display objects | Note |
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So, our tour starts from the most remote point of the route - the ancient city of Suvar. It was founded by a tribe of Suvars (Savirs, Suazes) on the river, which is currently called the Dry Duck. It happened around the ninth century. And the heyday of the city falls on the first half of the tenth century. Now, on the site of Suvar, the village of Kuznechikha is located. Having founded the city, the inhabitants surrounded it with a high wooden wall, in front of which they dug deep ditches, poured ramparts, and in some places even in two rows. The remains of ramparts and ditches have been preserved to this day. Soon after its founding, Suvar became a major center of crafts and trade. Craftsmen from Suvar made beautiful, richly ornamented clay dishes with their skillful hands, which differed from the products of potters from other places. There were also wonderful blacksmiths, builders, metallurgists, jewelers, gunsmiths and glassware craftsmen in the city. | Bulgar ceramics found in Suvar, in the Kuznechikha Museum Defensive ditch of the Suvar settlement
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The next point on our route is Antonovka - this is the name of the Abyss today, in honor of the leader of the peasant unrest that took place hereAnton Sidorov. This is a fairly large village with more than 700 people. The view of Antonovka opens from a high slope. The silhouettes of squat houses are hidden behind the trees, but even from afar, an unusual building for a modern village stands out among them - a white high building with columns. This is a former manor house, which, which is now rare, still houses a school. You probably won't find another one like it in the republic. Children every day go to study in a real castle, where everything breathes with unfading antiquity. The two-story mansion, built in the lush baroque style, has retained its characteristic features - it was erected by visiting craftsmen. | Monument to Anton - Petrov
The estate of the Musin-Pushkin landowners is an architectural monument of the 1st floor. 19 in
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Our journey continues, and ahead of us is the village of Kayuki. The name Alisha is inextricably linked with the history of our region. Abdullah Alish - our fellow countryman, a native of the village of Kayuki, Spassky district. In the libraries of the district, in the museum of local lore, in the Alisha museum in the village of Kayuki, there are many books, materials, exhibits, documents that help to reveal and appreciate the huge talent and heroic life of Alisha. They should be widely acquainted with the population, especially schoolchildren and youth, and not only in our region, the republic, but also in all corners of the world, all those who have ever heard the name of Abdullah Alish. | Bust of A. Alisha
Museum of A. Alisha in the village of Kayuki |
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There are places in the Spassky district that are distinguished by their special natural beauty, richness of flora and fauna. The largest in the republic in terms of area (about 18 thousand hectares), the Spassky nature reserve is a scattering of islands in the water area of the Kuibyshev reservoir. One of them received the name Old Town for a reason – the county Spassk was once located here. In these places there is an opportunity to develop ecological tourism, create ecological trails, in addition to historical ones, show tourists the unique habitats of animals and birds (within reason, of course, so as not to interfere with them), for example, from a small observation deck. We would install a telescope - and watch the white-tailed eagles right in the nest. And how romantic it is to walk along the ancient bridges, touch the land where Catherine the Great used to be. Fragments of the old Spasskaya prison, a teacher training school, remarkable archaeological and historical monuments have been preserved on the island of Old Town. Many people would come here to go fishing with a fishing rod, but it is forbidden to travel through the territory of the reserve. This issue can be resolved by creating, for example, a special corridor. And that a place for a fire was determined. | The reserve is a territory where certain species of animals and plants are protected, visiting is allowed for all people. Among the notable inhabitants of the Old City is the steppe viper. It is in the Spassky reserve that its northernmost population in Europe is located. The water area of the Spassky reserve |
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Our next focus isLake Rabigi or Rabiga kul. It is located on the outskirts of the city of Bolgar and is considered one of the most crystal clear and mysterious lakes in Tatarstan.The nature around the lake is picturesque, and the natural reservoir itself is considered not only a local attraction, but also a shrine for Muslims.There are many legends among the population of Tatarstan about the most beautiful lake, which is located along the line of ramparts to the west of the settlement. One of them tells about the daughter of the Bulgarian Khan, who once went for a walk with her peers to the forest edge. There the girls turned into swans. Khan went hunting, and after shooting one of the swans, he recognized him as his beloved daughter. The khan wept all night, and soon, at the very place where the khan's tears flowed, a lake formed, the purest and deepest.Today this lake is one of the ancient monuments of the history of the Tatar people. Muslim pilgrims from all over the world come here to pray for the most sacred near the holy waters of the lake. | Lake Rabigi or Rabiga kul |
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The main attraction of the village at all times were lakes, soour tour continues again on the lake, in the village which is called “Three Lakes”The historical names of these lakes are recorded in the "List of populated places of the Kazan province" for 1859 - Atamanskoye, Chistoye and Kuryshevskoye. In Soviet times, the lakes began to be called Atamanskoye, Pure and Bezymyannoe - first in common parlance, and then in official documents. In 1978, all three lakes were declared natural monuments of the Republic of Tatarstan and included in the inventory of specially protected natural areas. | On the shore of Clear Lake stands a temple that looks like a majestic castle. This is one of the oldest and most beautiful churches in the Spassky district, which was built in 1771 at the expense of the landowner Lev Ivanovich Molostov.The temple is an architectural monument
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5.Conclusion
Tourism, as one of the most popular types of outdoor activities, is an integral part of human life with its natural desire to discover and explore new regions, natural monuments, history and culture, customs and traditions of various peoples. The organization of active, meaningful recreation has become an important social task. Tourism is an important factor in improving the health of a person, increasing his creative activity, expanding his horizons.
Tourism is the most important means of education, which, due to its diversity and versatility, opens up wide opportunities for the practical preparation of a small citizen for a big life.
The development of this project is due to the desire to increase interest in the history and culture of Tatarstan. Arouse the interest of children and adults in the history of their small homeland through the organization of excursion routes to the historical monuments of their native land.
6. Literature used.
1. Abramov L. Spassky legends. - Kazan: By city and villages, 2003. - 429 p.
2. Burdin E.A. Volga Atlantis: the tragedy of the great river. Ulyanovsk (Simbirsk) 2005-287
3. Taisin A.S. Geography of the Republic of Tatarstan. - Kazan: Magarif, 2000. - 223 p.
4. State register of protected areas in the Republic of Tajikistan. Second edition. - Kazan: Idel-Press, 2007. - 408 .
5. Reserved places. - Kazan, Idel-Press, 2007.
6. Atlas Tar.tarika. - Kazan: Institute of History. Sh. Marjani AN
7. Republic of Tatarstan, Ministry of Education and Science.
8. I know the world. Geography. - Moscow: AST, 2005.
9. R.G. Fakhrutdinov History of the Tatar people and Tatarstan Kazan
Publishing house "Magarif" 1995
10. www.tourfactor.ru
11. www.personalguide.ru
12. www.tattravel.ru
13. www.bolgar-portal.ru
14. www.goldcompass.ru
15. www.bolgar.info
16.http://komanda-k.ru/
GDP is the total market value of the total value of finalgoods and services , produced in the economy for a certain period of time (usually a year). It is the main indicator of economic activity and economic activity in the country.
Creating a new excursion on any topic is a complex process that requires the active participation of a whole team of employees. The content of the future excursion, its cognitive value are directly dependent on the knowledge of methodologists and guides, their competence, the degree of practical assimilation of the basics of pedagogy and psychology, the ability to choose the most effective ways and techniques of influencing the audience.
The excursion is the result of two most important processes: its preparation and conduct. They are interconnected, interdependent. It is impossible to ensure the high quality of the tour with ill-conceived preparation.
In the preparation of a new excursion, two main directions can be distinguished:
development of a new theme of the excursion (new in general or new only for this excursion institution);
preparation of a novice or already working guide for conducting a new excursion for him, but already previously developed and conducted in this institution.
The first direction is the process of creating a new excursion for the excursion institution.
The preparation of a new excursion is entrusted to the creative team. It consists of 3 to 7 people, and in some cases more, depending on the complexity of the topic. For the most part, these are guides working in the institution. Often, specialists from various industries are invited as consultants - museum researchers, university and secondary school teachers, etc.
Usually each of the members of the creative team is assigned to develop one of the sections, one of the subtopics of the excursion, or one or more questions of the subtopic. In order to control the work, the head of the creative group is selected.
Preparation of a new excursion goes through three main stages:
preliminary work- selection of materials for a future excursion, their study (i.e., the process of accumulating knowledge on a given topic, determining the purpose and objectives of the excursion). At the same time, there is a selection of objects on which the excursion will be built.
Direct development of the excursion itself includes: drawing up an excursion route; processing of actual material; work on the content of the excursion, its main part, consisting of several main questions; writing control text; work on the methodology of the excursion; selection of the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling during the tour; preparation of methodological development of a new excursion; writing individual texts by guides.
Final step– reception (protection) of excursions on the route. Approval of a new excursion by the head of the excursion institution, admission of guides who have defended their topic to work on the route.
In its simplest form, the scheme of all excursions, regardless of the topic, type and form of conduct, is the same: introduction,main part,conclusion.
Introduction usually consists of two parts:
organizational (acquaintance with the excursion group and briefing the tourists on the rules of safety on the way and behavior on the route);
informational (a brief message about the topic, the length and duration of the route, the time of departure and arrival back, sanitary stops and the end point of the tour).
Main part is based on specific sightseeing objects, a combination of show and story. Its content consists of several sub-themes, which must be revealed on the objects and united by the theme. The number of excursion subtopics is usually from 5 to 12. At the same time, it is important to create an excursion to select objects in such a way that there are only those objects that would help to reveal the content of the excursion topic, and in a certain dosage in time and depending on the significance of a particular subtopic on this excursion.
Conclusion, like the introduction, is not associated with excursion objects. It should take 5-7 minutes in time and consist of two parts. First- the result of the main content of the excursion, a conclusion on the topic that realizes the purpose of the excursion. Second– information about other excursions that can expand and deepen this topic. The conclusion is just as important as the introduction and body.
It is very important that the tour is interesting enough. But it is equally important that it should not be overloaded with a flow of information unnecessary for tourists, so that the method of presenting the material would not be tedious, but would contribute to the best perception of it by one or another category of tourists. In this regard, the subject of the excursion must certainly be focused on a certain category of tourists (adults or children, youth, urban or rural residents, humanitarian workers, foreigners, etc.). This account is called differentiated approach to excursion service. It should take into account not only the interests, but also the goals of consumers. If an excursion is provided, for example, as part of a folklore tour, then the main emphasis in the story and show should be on the history, monuments, and national characteristics of the region. If the excursion is included in the program of a business tour, then attention should be paid to showing various business and public centers, etc. When organizing excursion services as part of a resort holiday, sightseeing walks with observation of natural landscapes, monuments, and objects are attractive.
In the process of preparing a new excursion, a number of main stages can be distinguished, which are arranged in a certain order. Let's consider them in the sequence that has developed in the practice of the excursion institution.
For the first time, the concept of “stages of preparing an excursion” was introduced into use in 1976. At the same time, fifteen stages were named:
1. Determination of the purpose and objectives of the tour.
2. Choice of topic.
3. Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography.
4. Determination of sources of excursion material. Acquaintance with the expositions and funds of museums on the topic.
5. Selection and study of excursion objects.
6. Drawing up the route of the excursion.
7. Detour or detour of the route.
8. Preparation of the control text of the excursion.
9. Acquisition of the "guide's portfolio".
10. Determination of methodological methods for conducting excursions.
11. Determination of the technique of conducting excursions.
12. Drawing up a methodological development.
13. Compilation of individual texts.
14. Reception (delivery) of the excursion.
15. Excursion approval.
DETERMINING THE PURPOSE AND TASKS OF THE EXCURSION
Work on any new excursion begins with a clear definition of its purpose. This helps the authors of the tour to work in a more organized way in the future. The purpose of the tour is for the sake of which historical and cultural monuments and other objects are shown to tourists. The guide's story is subject to the same ultimate goal. Let's name several goals: education of patriotism, love and respect for the Motherland, socially useful work, and for other peoples; aesthetic education, as well as broadening one's horizons, obtaining additional knowledge in various fields of science and culture, etc. The objectives of the excursion are to achieve goals by revealing its topic.
TOPIC SELECTION
Topic selection depends on potential demand, a specific order or the targeted creation of a specific theme of excursions. Each excursion should have its own clearly defined theme.
The theme is the core that unites all the objects and sub-themes of the excursion into a single whole. When creating an excursion, the participants of the creative group conduct the selection of objects by constantly checking their materials with the theme. However, it is not enough to select an object on a topic; one must find specific material on which this topic will be disclosed with the greatest completeness and persuasiveness. The grouping of topics underlies the existing classification of excursions.
SELECTION OF LITERATURE AND COMPILATION OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
During the development of a new excursion, a list of books, brochures, articles published in newspapers and magazines is compiled that reveal the topic. The purpose of the list is to determine the approximate boundaries of the forthcoming work on the study of literary sources, to assist guides in using the necessary factual and theoretical material in preparing the text. The list of references is reproduced in several copies for the convenience of the work of the group and those guides who will prepare for excursions on this topic in the future. The list includes the author, title, year of publication, as well as chapters, sections, pages. With a large number of literary sources, the list can be divided into two parts: "Basic literature" and "Additional literature".
IDENTIFICATION OF OTHER SOURCES OF EXCURSION MATERIAL
In addition to publications in the press, other sources may be used. The authors of the tour compile their list, which includes state archives, museums, newsreels and popular science films, which contain materials on the topic of the tour. Memoirs of participants and eyewitnesses of historical events can be used as a source. However, when using memoirs, care should be taken to avoid inaccuracies and tendentiousness. Only reliable, carefully verified facts and information should be selected for the story. Computer encyclopedias, including multimedia databases on laser disks (CD-ROM), can provide significant assistance in finding and systematizing the material of excursions.
DEVELOPING THE ROUTE OF THE EXCURSION
The itinerary of the tour is the most convenient route for the tour group, contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of viewing objects for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group, and the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the tasks of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic.
The main requirements that should be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.
In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic and thematic-chronological.
Excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people can serve as an example of the chronological construction of the route.
According to the thematic principle, excursions are built related to the disclosure of a certain topic in the life of the city (for example, "Arkhangelsk is being built", "Literary Moscow Region", etc.).
All sightseeing city tours are built according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronological order in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.
Route development is a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating a new excursion. When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the "Rules of the Road", "Charter of Road Transport", "Rules for the Transportation of Passengers" and other departmental regulations.
Objects, depending on their role in the tour, can be used as main and additional.
The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, they reveal the subtopics of the excursion.
The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during the transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and it does not occupy a dominant position.
The route is built according to the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:
- the display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. the so-called "loops";
- the availability of the object (a site for its inspection);
- moving or transition between objects should not take 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;
- availability of well-maintained stops, including sanitary and parking places for vehicles.
It is recommended to have several options for the movement of the group by the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.
The development of the bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route scheme, the calculation of mileage and the time of use of vehicles.
DETOUR (BYPASS) OF THE ROUTE
Detour (bypass) of the route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (bypass) of the route, the following tasks are set: 1) get acquainted with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid; 2) clarify the place where the object is located, as well as the place of the proposed stop of the tour bus or walking group; 3) master the entrance by bus to objects or parking places; 4) to time the time required to show the objects, their verbal characteristics and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as to clarify the duration of the tour as a whole; 5) check the expediency of using the intended display objects; 6) choose the best points for showing objects and options for the location of the tour group; 7) choose a method of familiarization with the object; 8) for the purpose of safe movement of tourists along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.
PREPARATION OF THE CONTROL TEXT OF THE EXCURSION
The text is the material necessary for the full disclosure of all the subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide a thematic orientation of the guide's story, it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events to which the tour is dedicated, and provides an objective assessment of the objects shown.
Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, the required amount of factual material, the availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.
The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of this text (control text).
The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in the route sequence, with the distribution of the material presented by the stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and verified by sources material, which is the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions contained in the control text, the guide builds his own individual text.
On the basis of the control text, excursions on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.
In order to facilitate the creation of such options, materials related to objects, sub-themes and main issues that were not included in the itinerary of this excursion can be included in the control text.
In addition to materials for the guide's story, the control text includes materials that should form the content of the introductory speech and the conclusion of the tour, as well as logical transitions. It should be easy to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.
COMPLETING THE "PORTFOLIO OF THE TOUR GUIDE"
"Guide's briefcase" - the code name for a set of visual aids used during the tour. These manuals are usually placed in a folder or small briefcase.
One of the objectives of the tour guide portfolio is to restore missing links when shown. In excursions, it often turns out that not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic have been preserved. For example, sightseers cannot see a historic building that has been destroyed by time; a village destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of the original appearance of the place on which the building in question was built (residential district). For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or a wasteland, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, a residential area are used. It may also be a problem to show what will be in the examined place in the near future. In this case, the tourists are shown projects of buildings, structures, monuments.
In excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it (for example, portraits of members of the Wolf family - friends of A. S. Pushkin - during a tour of the “Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga Region”).
The demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works, which the guide tells about, makes the tour more convincing.
And one more important task of visual aids on excursions - give a visual representation of an object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing authentic samples or their photographs, models, dummies).
The “guide portfolio” includes photographs, maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such “portfolios” are usually created for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any trip to the past and present more exciting and rewarding. The content of the "portfolio" is dictated by the theme of the tour.
The visual aids of the "guide's portfolio" should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the aids will distract the tourists from examining the original objects and scatter their attention.
The members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can help the guide in covering the topic. The methodology for demonstrating visual aids is checked on the route. Then recommendations on the use of the "portfolio" materials are included in the methodological development.
Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a sheet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes explanations are pasted on the back of the exhibit. Such an annotation serves as the source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to the sightseers.
The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the "guide's portfolio" should be updated throughout the development of a new excursion topic.
Great help in the selection of visual materials for the "portfolio" tour organizations provide museums, exhibitions, archives.
DETERMINATION OF METHODOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CARRYING OUT THE EXCURSION
The success of the tour is directly dependent on the methodological methods of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks set for the tour, the information richness of a particular object.
The work of the creative team at this stage consists of several parts: selection the most effective methodological techniques to cover subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the tour audience (adults, children), the time of the tour (winter, summer, day, evening), the features of the show; identify techniques for maintaining attention excursionists and activation of the process of perception of excursion material; making recommendations on the use of expressive means in the speech of the guide; selection of technical rules conducting an excursion. It is equally important to determine the technology of using methodological techniques.
DEFINITION OF THE EXCURSION TECHNIQUE
The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of a bus tour, for example, carefully consider when and where the sightseers go out to inspect the object, how the sightseers move between the objects, how and when the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" are shown, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the column of the methodological development "Organizational instructions" . These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to put the bus, where you need to go slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions apply to sightseers (observance of safety rules on the street, exiting the bus, accommodation in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations about the use of pauses in the excursion; on the observance of the time allotted for the coverage of sub-themes, the organization of answers to the questions of the tourists; about the technique of using the exhibits of the "portfolio"; about the procedure for laying wreaths, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, directing the independent work of sightseers on the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Methodological development - a document that determines how to conduct this tour, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and technique should be used to make the tour effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the features of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. It disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest the guide the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on the organization of excursions; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.
A methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including with a differentiated approach to the preparation and conduct of the excursion. The variants of the methodological development reflect the age, professional and other interests of the tourists, the peculiarities of the method of its implementation.
Formulation of methodological development is as follows:
- on the title page there are data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date of approval of the excursion by the head of the excursion institution.
– on the next page, the purpose and objectives of the tour are set out, the route scheme indicating the objects and stops during the tour.
Methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not posted in columns. For example, here are the recommendations for the guide on how to build an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic “Tyumen - the gate to Siberia”: “First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when the time is presented to do so. In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is desirable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic; to attract the attention of sightseers, i.e. this part of the introduction should be bright, emotional. It can begin with poems by A. S. Pushkin or a quote - a statement by the Decembrists about the innumerable riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh region. The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by the methodological development.
The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. The development size is 6-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.
In the column "Itinerary" called the starting point of the excursion and the end of the subtopic.
In the column "Stops" those points of the route where the exit from the bus is provided are called; it is supposed to inspect the object from the windows of the bus without the exit of the tourists or a stop on a walking tour is provided. You should not make such inaccurate entries, such as: "The embankment of the Volga River" or "Central Square". It would be more correct to write: “The embankment of the Volga River near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov.”
In the column "Display objects" list those memorable places, main and additional objects that are shown to the group at the stop, in the course of moving or moving the group to the next stop.
In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban-type settlement as a whole, and when traveling along a route, visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or a square.
Column "Duration of the excursion". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no show) and on the movement of sightseers along the route to the next stop. Here it is also necessary to take into account the time spent on movement near the inspected objects and between objects.
Column "Name of subtopics and list of main issues" contains short notes. First of all, a subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, at a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here formulate the main questions set out in the disclosure of the subtopic. For example, in the city sightseeing tour in Poltava, one of the subtopics is called "Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden." The main issues covered in this sub-topic are "Swedes in Ukraine" and "Battle of Poltava". The sub-topic "New Old City" reveals the main issues: "Housing construction in the city", "Development of culture and art", "Construction of a sports complex". The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.
In the column "Organizational instructions" put recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of tourists on the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, the rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial places and at historical and cultural monuments. It also sets out the requirements for sightseers for nature protection and fire safety rules. This column includes all questions that are included in the concept of "Excursion Technique". Let's give an example of the entry: "The group is located in such a way that all the tourists can see the entrance to the building." "At this stop, sightseers are given time to take pictures." In out-of-town excursions, this column includes instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations for nature protection, rules for the movement of sightseers at stops, especially near highways in order to ensure their safety.
When conducting production excursions, visiting working workshops, safety recommendations are given, excerpts from the instructions of the enterprise administration, mandatory rules for the behavior of sightseers at the enterprise, places where pauses are made in the story and show are called.
Column "Guidelines" determines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the method of conducting an excursion, gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the excursion "Memorial complex" Khatyn "on the object" Defense Line of the 100th Infantry Division "two methodological instructions are given: "When revealing the subtopic, the method of verbal comparison is used, a certificate is given about the military potential of fascist Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR" and "The story about the battles is conducted using the methodical method of visual reconstruction of the place where the fighting took place."
It should indicate where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines a logical transition to the next subtopic, provides recommendations for displaying the materials of the “guide portfolio”, includes tips on using the movement of excursionists relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, “After observing the object and the guide’s story, tourists can independently continue their acquaintance with object”, “The guide should explain the terms...”, “When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the tourists...”, etc.).
CREATING AN INDIVIDUAL TEXT
Excursion practice comes from the fact that the basis of the guide's story is an individual text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide to logically build his story. Each guide makes up such a text independently. The control text is the basis for the individual text.
All individual texts, with a good control text, will have identical content, but different turns of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all the guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.
You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion for themselves, since a creative group of the most prepared guides worked on the control text, and the guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him by collective efforts. After the preliminary work of the guide on a new topic is completed (collection, study and primary processing of the material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used in covering subtopics, draw the right conclusions on the subtopics of the excursion and in general. Referring to the control text, made in time, guarantees a higher level of preparation for the beginner's excursion.
The main difference between an individual text and a control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the sequence in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the sub-themes. An individual text compiled in accordance with these requirements is a story ready for “use”. The individual text contains a complete summary of what should be told on the tour. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations, no assessment of their significance.
It is also not allowed to mention facts without their dating, references to sources. At the same time, the text of this type reflects the features of the speech of the "performer". The guide's story consists, as it were, of separate parts tied to visual objects. These parts are combined with conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In the individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the tour.
When composing an individual text, its author should not forget about the logic of sounding speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feeling of the sightseers synchronously. The desire for liveliness in the presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain sightseers. When deciding on a combination of cognitive and entertaining elements on an excursion, the matter should be decided according to the formula: maximum educational and minimum entertaining. The question of legends has a special place in the preparation of the excursion. Only legends can be used in excursions.
In terms of content, both texts (control and individual) coincide. And this means that if there is a correctly composed control text, all the guides who have mastered this topic have excursions that are “standard”. They are the same in their content, they coincide in their assessments of historical events and facts in the conclusions that are made on individual subtopics and on the topic as a whole.
Analyzing the same visual object, the guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.
However, with equal content, the guides may use different turns of speech, may state the recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the tour also lies in the fact that the guides leading the tour on one topic may have a different degree of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different display techniques and storytelling forms. One and the same position can be revealed on different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your individuality.
Narrative and individual text
The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to the generally accepted speech, how it takes into account the speech features of that particular guide to whom this text belongs. “The degree of impact on our consciousness of various texts depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author’s psychological attitude to the impact or its absence, etc.).” However, speech plays an equally important role, its properties, structure, features.
The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarities in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. What is the expression of the individuality of the guide? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but speak differently. Their story is the same in content, but in form, use of vocabulary, emotional level is different.
The methodology requires the guide to keep in mind the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide when compiling an individual text.
During the tour, the guide "hurries" objects that need to be shown to the group. The two or three hours allotted for the tour, the stay of the excursionists on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments that were in front of the group, briefly talk about the events associated with them.
The duration of the story should not exceed the time that the monument is able to attract the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not observed, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques are able to restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that the methodological literature uses the term "object language". One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object “speak”.
Technique for using individual text
The guide, just like a lecturer, can use his own individual text during the tour. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, historical dates are recorded. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).
Using the cards, the guide does not read their content during the tour, but only by looking at them, recalls the content of the story. If there is a significant break between objects in the tour, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh the material of the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of the story in preparation for the excursion. The exceptions are those cards that contain quotations and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of literary montage. On excursions, they are read out in full.
The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the tour, taking into account the sequence of the subtopics to be disclosed.
The use of cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but with the acquisition of experience they no longer need this. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.
The presence of an individual text does not mean that it must be memorized and delivered word for word to the tourists.
Logic jumps
The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-composed logical transitions give harmony to the excursion, provide consistency in the presentation of the material, and are a guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.
Often in excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal(constructive) transitions. A formal transition is such a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a “crossing bridge” from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, “Now we will pass through the square”, “Now we will follow further”, “Let's look at another remarkable place”). However, one should not deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.
In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, “Now look here” or “Please pay attention to the monument located nearby”). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing expositions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and individual stands dedicated to various sub-themes are located close to each other. A constructive transition, not being a "transitional bridge" between subtopics, aims the sightseers to get acquainted with the next object.
More efficient logical transition linked to the theme of the tour. Such a transition may begin before the group moves to the next stop, or may end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features of the excursion object as by the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.
The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the group moving (transition) from object to object, but it can be both longer and shorter.
RECEPTION (DELIVERY) EXCURSIONS
With a positive assessment of the control text and the methodological development of the excursion, as well as in the presence of a completed "guide portfolio" and a map of the route, the date of acceptance (delivery) of a new excursion is assigned. Delivery of the tour is entrusted to the head of the creative group. In case of his absence due to illness or other valid reasons, the tour is handed over by one of the members of the creative team. The leaders of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section where the excursion was prepared, as well as heads of other sections, take part in the acceptance (delivery) of the excursion.
Reception (delivery) of the excursion is of a business nature, carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of opinions, and identification of shortcomings. Participants of the excursion must be familiarized with its control text and methodological development, the route scheme, the contents of the "guide's portfolio", the list of references, etc.
EXCURSION APPROVAL
With a positive conclusion on the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of return for a new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order to approve the new excursion topic and the list of guides admitted to its conduct.
Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and were heard on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion on the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion and methodological department.
All other guides, who later independently prepared this topic, conduct a trial tour in the usual manner. Guides (regardless of work experience) are allowed to conduct excursions on a topic that is new to them only if they have individual text after listening and issuing the appropriate order.
Development of excursion routes of literary subjects of the Vladimir region
Introduction
The emergence and development of excursion work as an independent form of activity is attributed to the last decades of the 19th century. ― the beginning of the 20th century, although the origins of excursion work were formed much earlier. The spread of excursions, mountain climbing, hiking and cycling, the desire of the Russian intelligentsia to use travel, movement and educational excursions to educate the people created the prerequisites for uniting lovers of tourism and excursions in various specialized organizations. In the XX century. Along with the development of the museum business and the resort business, the work of guides has acquired a fairly high status in society. During this period, the tourism industry developed, which acquired a global scale. The development of exhibition work and the activation of the resort business in many countries of the world contribute to the development of tourism, which has taken a leading place in the national economy of many countries of the world. Excursion ― this is the process of familiarization or study of any object of the socio-cultural environment with the help of a professionally trained expert guide. In the modern sense, an excursion is always characterized by certain goals, time and place. At present, excursion activity plays a socially significant role, has its own history, professional staff, is distinguished by a variety of types of forms, themes. Excursion - (lat. - trip) - a collective or individual visit to the sights, for educational or cultural purposes, under the guidance of a guide. The show and the story determine the peculiarity of the tour. In the primacy of the show is the specificity of the excursion method. Therefore, the essence of the tour is the organic and inseparable unity of the show with the story. The main features of the tour are: length in time, the presence of an excursion group, the presence of a guide, inspection of excursion objects, a specific topic, the presence of goals and objectives, route development. The excursion involves the acquisition of new impressions and new sensations by sightseers. Excursion activities include the activities of the participants of the excursion: the organizer of the excursion, sometimes, the group leader, the guide and the sightseers. accentuation ― this is the selection of features, any features that allow the guide to take into account the characteristics of a group of tourists. The ability to express accentuation implements the professional skills of a guide, taking into account the characteristics of this group of tourists. The relevance of our work lies in the consideration of the cultural and educational significance of conducting excursions on literary topics. The purpose of the work is to develop the route "To the homeland of V. Soloukhin" Achieving the goal involves solving a number of tasks: ) to study the concept, subject and classification of excursions; ) consider excursions on literary topics ) highlight the features of organizing an excursion on the topic "Literary Vladimir". ) develop an itinerary for an excursion that reflects the life and work of the Vladimir writer V.A. Soloukhin. The object of the study is a tour of literary topics. The subject of the study is the work of V.A. Soloukhin. The basis for writing the work was books, articles, monographs on tourism, excursions, as well as the study of V.A. Soloukhin. 1. The theory of excursion development
1.1 Concept and subject of the excursion excursion literary soloukhin Excursion is a word derived from the Latin "excursio". In Russian, it began to be used in the 19th century, meaning "running out, military raid", a little later - "sally, trip." The following definitions of the term "excursion", presented in chronological order, will help to understand the change in the essence of the concept of excursion and lead to an understanding of its modern interpretation. The first interpretation of the term was given by V. Dahl in 1882: "Excursion - driving, walking, going out to search for something, to collect herbs, etc." (Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. - M .: Russian language, 1980. - v. 4. - S. 663). “The excursion is one of the types of mass, cultural, educational, propaganda and educational work aimed at expanding and deepening the knowledge of the younger generation ...” (Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M., 1933. - Vol. 63. - P. 316). “Excursion (Latin excursio - outing) - a collective trip or a walk somewhere. with a scientific, educational or entertainment purpose ”(definition given by D.N. Ushakov in 1935, see Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language / under the direction of D.N. Ushakov. - M. Astrel, 2007. - P. 901.) “Excursion is a visit to objects that are noteworthy in some way (cultural monuments, museums, enterprises, localities, etc.), the form and method of acquiring knowledge. It is carried out, as a rule, collectively, under the guidance of a specialist guide ”(Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M., 1978. - Vol. 29. - P. 63). “The tour is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, which is based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the sightseers, as well as a skillful story about the events associated with them ... objects located in natural conditions or located in the premises of enterprises, laboratories, research institutes, etc. ... In a brief form, the essence of an excursion can be defined as follows: an excursion is the amount of knowledge communicated to a group of people in a specific form, and a certain system of actions for their transfer "(Emelyanov, B.V. Tour guide: Textbook / B.V. Emelyanov. - 5th ed. - M .: Soviet sport, 2004. - S. 17, 21-22). From the above definitions it can be seen that over time there was not just a change, but a complication of the goals, objectives, content and forms of excursions. If initially the excursion could be a simple walk, during which the search for medicinal berries and herbs was carried out, then later during the excursions they began to identify exhibits for local history museums, to increase the level of knowledge in various fields. Accordingly, the goals have also changed, if at first only practical tasks were set, scientific general educational, cultural educational ones were gradually added to them. When considering the concept of "essence of the excursion", it is necessary to keep in mind the conditionality of the excursion process by objective requirements. Each excursion represents a special process of activity, the essence of which is determined by specific patterns (thematic, purposefulness, visibility, emotionality, activity, etc.). During the excursion process, the guide helps the tourists to see the objects on the basis of which the topic is revealed (the first task), to hear the necessary information about these objects (the second task), to feel the greatness of the feat, the significance of the historical event (the third task), to master the practical skills of independent observation and analysis excursion objects (fourth task). In solving the last problem, a great place is occupied by the formation of the ability to see. The material of the excursion, the professional skill of the guide in his presentation enable the tourists to analyze and draw the necessary conclusions. These skills in the course of showing and telling the tourists are instilled by the guide. At the same time, the authors of the excursion act as active assistants to the guide. The well-known theorist, critic and teacher A. V. Bakushinsky spoke about this: “The methodological development of the material, due to the purpose, all the tasks and the plan of the excursion, should be aimed at awakening the independence of perception and assessments” 1.
One of the objectives of the excursion is to develop among the tourists an attitude to the topic of the excursion, the activities of historical figures, events, facts, in general, to the material of the excursion and to give it their own assessment. Rate- means to form an idea about someone, something, to determine the meaning, character, role of someone or something, to recognize someone's merits, positive qualities. Excursion rating- these are the conclusions of the excursionist, to which the guide brings him Attitude to the excursionshould be understood as: a certain view of the excursionist on the historical period to which the excursion is dedicated; perception of any action; understanding of the specific situation in which the writer, sculptor (artist) was, creating his work. In this process, an important role is played by the material of the excursion, its presentation by the guide, the "angle of view" on the event and its assessment by the guide, as well as the guide's conviction that he is right. The main thing in this process is the problem of understanding. Most sightseers perceive the point of view of the guide, which becomes the basis for understanding the material and developing an attitude towards the subject of the show and story. Excursion - a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, which is based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the eyes of the tourists, as well as a skillful story about the events associated with them. Composition- construction, connection, compilation of separate parts into a whole. This term is associated with the concepts of "structure" and "construction". Plot- an event or several events related to each other. plot- a chain of events about which the work narrates. In the presentation of the plot, composition, plot, development of action, climax, denouement are distinguished. climax- a point, the moment of the highest tension in the development of the plot action. The excursion, being a work of specific authors, is built taking into account the requirements for a literary work and has its own plot, to which all the excursion material is subject. A sightseeing tour in terms of its tasks and form of conduct is more complex than travel information or an instructor's conversation on a hiking trip. A thematic tour, compared to a city sightseeing tour, is more complex in its structure, content, and methodology. The way of development of excursion goes along the Line of change of its essence. Initially, the excursion was a walk, pursuing practical tasks, for example, the search for medicinal herbs. Then she faced scientific tasks, such as identifying exhibits for the local history museum. The search for new forms of self-education put forward a general educational goal before excursions. The desire to improve educational work, to make it more effective, turned the excursion into one of the types of cultural and educational work. At present, the excursion acts as something complete, integral, having its own specific functions and features, a kind of individual methodology. To a large extent, it has been enriched in content, forms of conduct and methods of presenting the material and is characterized as an integral part of the ideological-educational and cultural-mass work. The goals, objectives and forms of excursions are shown in Table 1. Table 1. № p / n Goals Tasks Forms of conducting 1 Recreation Search for medicinal herbs, berries, mushrooms, fruits Walk 2 Educational Assimilation of knowledge by children in the academic subject (botany, geography, history) Lesson outside the classroom 3 Scientific Identification of exhibits for the local history museumExpedition 4 General education on history, architecture, literature and other branches Sightseeing multifaceted tour6 Cultural and educational Assimilation of knowledge in combination with education Thematic tour So, the excursion is a visual process of human cognition of the surrounding world, built on pre-selected objects located in natural conditions or located in the premises of enterprises, laboratories, research institutes, etc. The display of objects takes place under the guidance of a qualified specialist - a guide. The process of perception of objects by sightseers is subordinated to the task of revealing a certain topic. The guide conveys to the audience a vision of the object, an assessment of the memorable place, an understanding of the historical event associated with this object. He is not indifferent to what the excursionist will see, how he will understand and perceive what he has seen and heard. With his explanations, he leads the tourists to the necessary conclusions and assessments, thereby achieving the desired effectiveness of the event. Tour functions are considered as its main properties. Scientific propaganda function. The tour is based on the principles of propaganda, scientific, ideological, connection with life, intelligibility and persuasiveness. These principles express the essence of propaganda, allow us to highlight the main thing in it. Relationship between theory and life. The material of the excursions must be linked to life, reality, the practice of economic and cultural development, and the changes that are taking place in Russia. Information function. The excursion, in accordance with its theme, contains information on a specific section of knowledge: about the achievements of historical science, medicine, biology; about the discoveries of archaeologists; inventions, achievements in economic and cultural construction. The function of organizing cultural leisure. Leisure means that part of non-working time that remains at the disposal of a person after a working day. This free time within a day, week, year, a person spends at his own discretion on active creative or social activities, on-the-job study, amateur activities, communication with friends. Excursion in the function of expanding cultural and technical horizons. Each excursion contributes to the expansion of a person's horizons. Its participants receive knowledge in history, in the field of art, architecture, literature, and economics. Quite often, the excursion concretizes the knowledge of the tourists, helps them to see what they knew from written sources, from school programs, from lectures. The excursion is a synthesis of several forms of cultural and educational work. It can include as thematically embedded and methodically justified parts: a) fragments from feature films, a popular science or newsreel-documentary film in its entirety b) speeches by participants or eyewitnesses of events, veterans of the war (1941-1945) in excursions on military-patriotic topics; c) meeting with the heads of industrial or agricultural enterprises, engineering and technical workers, advanced workers on excursions on production topics; d) listening to musical works dedicated to the life and work of composers, artists, musicians; e) listening to speeches by statesmen and public figures in sound recordings, during excursions on historical and historical-revolutionary topics. The function of forming human interests. The purpose of the tour is to convey knowledge to the audience and arouse people's interest in a particular field of knowledge. Each specific tour can perform several functions at the same time. It depends on which group of tourists it is carried out with. For children and youth, an excursion is a function of expanding their cultural and technical horizons; for adolescents choosing a profession - the function of forming interests; for foreign tourists - information function, etc. Excursion signs A sign is that which makes objects and phenomena similar to each other or distinguishes them from each other. Essential features are meant, i.e. those without which the subject, phenomena, form of cultural and educational work cannot exist. The tour, like other forms of cultural and educational work (lecture, thematic evening, oral journal, reader's conference), has its own characteristics in the organization and methodology. Its features speak of similarities with other forms or emphasize its fundamental difference from them. Common features for all excursions are: Length of time from one academic hour (45 min) to one day The presence of tourists (groups or individuals). Availability of a tour guide. The movement of the participants of the tour along a pre-compiled route. Targeted display of objects, the presence of a specific theme. Active activity of participants (observation, study, study of objects). The absence of at least one of the above seven signs deprives the right to call the event an excursion. In addition to these general features, each type of excursion has its own specific features: at the bus - a mandatory exit from the bus to inspect the monuments; at the museum - acquaintance with the materials located on the stands; at production facilities - a demonstration of existing objects (machines, units, mechanisms). The significance of the signs of an excursion lies in the fact that their correct understanding does not allow erroneous interpretation of the essence of the excursion. 1.2 Rules for developing an excursion
By contentexcursions are divided into overview (multi-faceted, polythematic) and thematic. Sightseeing toursare characterized by multi-darkness and allow in a short time to get a general and complete idea of the object. A city tour is based on showing various objects of the city: historical and cultural monuments, buildings and structures, places of significant events, natural objects, industrial and agricultural enterprises, etc. The story of the city is from the time of its origin to the present. Almost all city sightseeing tours are similar in structure. Each of them contains several subtopics: the history of the city, the characteristics of culture, science, education, and industry. The choice of main and obligatory subtopics is a difficult task for the guide. Differences in city sightseeing tours are due to the peculiarities of the cultural and historical development of the city. When preparing a city sightseeing tour, preference is given to those sub-themes that define the "face" of the city, and one of the sub-themes, due to its importance, necessarily becomes the leading one. Another feature of sightseeing tours is that any of its subtopics, if necessary, can become a topic for an independent tour. Thematic tours
devoted to the disclosure of any one topic in the field of history, culture, nature management. Depending on one or another content aspect, a thematic tour is traditionally classified into one of the types: historical, architectural and urban planning, art history, literary, natural history and production (technological). The first four types can be combined into a class of cultural-historical excursions. Specifying each type, it is possible to distinguish subtypes of city sightseeing tours. Yes, in terms of content. historical excursions
subdivided into local history; archaeological(with showing material historical sources-excavations); ethnographic (telling about the customs and customs of different peoples); military historical(held in places of military glory); historical and biographical(in places associated with the life and work of famous people) .
Architectural and urban planning excursions
are divided into excursions showing the architectural appearance of the city; excursions showing architectural monuments of a certain historical period; excursions that give an idea of the work of an architect; excursions with a demonstration of samples of modern architecture; excursions introducing the planning and development of cities according to master plans; tours of the new buildings. Art History Tours
have the following subtopics: historical and theatrical, historical and musical, in the places of existence of folk art crafts, in the places of life of artists, excursions to art galleries, exhibition halls, art history museums, to the workshops of artists and sculptors. Literary excursions
Nature excursions
are divided into botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, excursions to unique natural monuments. Production tours
can be production-historical, production-economic, production-technical and professional orientation for students. It should be noted that thematic excursions of one type or another rarely exist in isolation, practice shows that the boundaries between them are blurred. Thus, historical material is used in architectural and urban planning, art history, literary, industrial excursions. By composition of participants
First of all, there are excursions for adults and children, local residents and tourists (out of town), urban population and rural, organized, homogeneous groups (at the request of institutions) and single, unfamiliar tourists. On other grounds, other classifications can be built. For example, there are excursions for students, professionals and the general public. As a special contingent that requires special techniques and methods for conducting an excursion, one can indicate groups of religious pilgrims, young children, the disabled, the elderly, and “difficult” teenagers. Depending on the composition of the group, changes are made to the content of the excursion, its methodology and duration. Such an approach to the preparation and conduct of excursions in the theory of excursion business is called differentiated. By venue
excursions are city, suburban, museum, complex, combining elements of several types of excursions. By way of travel
distinguish between walking and transport excursions. The advantage of walking tours is that the guide himself sets the rhythm of movement (speed, duration of transitions and stops), which provides favorable conditions for showing and telling. However, the number of walking tours is limited by the short length of the route. The advantage of transport excursions is that they can include objects that are significantly remote from each other. Among transport excursions, the most common are bus excursions, which contain the action of two plans: showing and analyzing sightseeing objects at stops, with the obligatory exit from the bus, and a story on the way, most often associated with the characteristics of memorable places that tourists are currently passing by. The complexity of bus tours is due to external factors that must be taken into account when conducting an excursion. These include the rules of the road, unforeseen circumstances that arise on the roads (congestion, accidents, repair work), the speed of the bus and the correspondence between the story and the show, etc. The duration of the tour is from one academic hour (45 minutes) to four to five hours. There is an opinion that the duration of the tour can be up to one day. A.V. Svyatoslavsky calls such long excursions tours and believes that they are divided into several smaller excursions of different duration, and also include meal times, rest, buying souvenirs, sanitary stops, and travel information. Let us dwell in more detail on the last element of long-distance excursions. Travel information is transmitted to tourists in a bus following to objects that are significantly remote from the place of gathering of the group: to another settlement, to a museum-estate, reserve, memorial complex. Travel information involves both preparation for visiting objects at the end point of the route, and familiarization with the sights encountered along the way, in addition, a general description of the area or region can be given. Travel information does not imply continuous speaking, it is recommended to arrange 15-20-minute breaks for the rest of the sightseers and the guide. According to the form of conducting, in addition to traditional excursions (survey and thematic), excursions are distinguished - walks, mainly on natural history topics, to the forest, to the park, to the lake, along the river. During excursions - walks, sightseeing is combined with relaxation. In the 60-80s. Excursions were held in the 20th century - extras, the participants of which simultaneously move along the route on 10 - 20 buses, each of which has a guide. Such excursions, in addition to viewing objects, may include rallies at monuments, burial sites, meetings with heroes and participants in historical events, performances by amateur art participants, participation in folklore holidays and theatrical performances. Excursion - the concert is dedicated to the musical theme with listening to musical works in the passenger compartment of the bus during a long-distance excursion. The excursion can be considered as a form of educational activity for various groups of tourists. From this point of view, there are: . excursion - lesson, which is a form of communication of knowledge in accordance with the curriculum of a particular educational institution; . excursion - demonstrationin the most visual form introduces the group to natural phenomena or production processes; . trial touris carried out at the final stage of individual work on the preparation and conduct of educational and thematic excursions and is a form of testing the knowledge and skills of students in the tourist and local history association (circle). Note that the division of excursions into clearly defined groups in practice is conditional, but necessary, as it is of great importance in the development of new excursion routes. The classification of excursions provides conditions for effective preparation of excursions, facilitates specialization, and provides a differential approach to serving various groups of tourists. The new tour is the result of two complex interrelated processes: its preparation and conduct. The content and value of a new excursion are determined by the knowledge and competence of methodologists and guides. There are two main directions in the preparatory work: 1.development of a new theme of the excursion (meaning both new for this excursion institution, and new in general); 2.preparation of the guide (both beginner and experienced) for a new tour for him. The development is entrusted to a creative group (usually 3-7 people), which, as a rule, consists of guides working in the institution. Museum scientists, university professors, etc. are invited as consultants. specialists from various industries. Each participant develops one section, one subtopic. A leader is chosen to take control. There are three main stages in the technology of preparing a new excursion. 1.Preliminary work. Includes the selection and study of materials, the selection of objects. (Study here should be understood as the process of accumulating knowledge on a given topic, determining the purpose and objectives of the excursion). 2.Direct development of the excursion itself, i.e. drawing up a route, working on the content, processing factual material, compiling and writing a control text, methodical work (work on the methodology for conducting an excursion, choosing the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling during an excursion, preparing a methodological development of a new excursion), writing individual texts by guides . .The final part - the reception (protection) of the excursion on the route - is the approval of a new excursion by the head of the excursion institution, the admission of guides who have defended their topic to work on the route. If you draw up the simplest scheme that is suitable for any excursion, regardless of the topic, type and form of conduct, then it will be like this: ). The introduction usually consists of two parts: · organizational (acquaintance with the participants of the excursion, instructing the group about the rules of safety and behavior on the route); · informational (a short message is made about the topic, duration and length of the route, time of departure and arrival, as well as the place of arrival, sanitary stops). ). The main part forms a combination of show and story, built on specific excursion objects. The content of the main part consists of subtopics (they are usually from 5 to 12), which should be disclosed on the objects and united by the main topic. ). Conclusion. Just like the introduction, it is not associated with excursion objects. It consists of two parts and takes 5-7 minutes in time. The first part - the main content of the excursion is briefly formulated, a general conclusion is made on the topic. The second part is information about other excursions that can deepen the knowledge of excursionists on this topic. When preparing a new excursion, it is necessary to be guided by a differentiated approach to excursion services, focusing on a certain category of tourists. In an effort to make the tour interesting, it is important not to overload it with information. The method of presenting material should not be tedious. A prerequisite is to take into account not only the interests, but also the goals of consumers. When organizing an excursion as part of a business tour program, attention should be paid to showing public and business centers. If the tour is carried out as part of a resort holiday, then walks, including water ones, with the observation of natural landscapes become attractive. In the process of preparing a new excursion, from 1976 to the present day, there are 15 main stages. th stage. Definition of the purpose and objectives of the tour. The goal is clearly defined, for the sake of which certain objects are shown to the tourists, what the guide's story is subordinated to. (Example of the goal: education of patriotism, broadening one's horizons, etc.). The purpose of the excursion is to reach the goal by revealing the topic. th stage. Topic selection. It depends on the purposeful creation of a certain topic of excursions, potential demand or a specific order. This stage is important because the theme combines all the objects, sub-themes of the excursion into a single whole. It is in accordance with the theme that objects and specific material are selected. th stage. Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography. When developing a new excursion, a list of books and articles is compiled that reveals the topic. Its purpose is to determine the approximate boundaries of the forthcoming work on the study of literary sources, to help guides in the use of theoretical and factual material in preparing the text. The list may include "main" and "additional" literature, it indicates the standard bibliographic information. The list is multiplied in the amount necessary for the work of both the creative team and the guides. th stage. Identification of other sources of excursion material. Acquaintance with the expositions and funds of museums on the topic. A list is being compiled, which includes state archives, museums, newsreels and documentaries, multimedia databases containing materials on the topic. The main selection criterion is the reliability of the information presented. .3 Excursions on literary topics
Among the various forms of functioning of a literary work, there is one extremely interesting, but overlooked by modern literary criticism: a literary excursion. The extensive experience in the theory of excursion business, accumulated in the 1920s, is not yet in demand. Such a socially and educationally significant and rich in possibilities phenomenon of the existence of literature as a literary excursion seems to have receded exclusively into the field of applied interests of the tourism business. Accordingly, the design of excursions is not theoretically comprehended and does not have any well-thought-out conceptual basis. The heuristic and didactic possibilities of a literary excursion are still little in demand. By projecting the text of a work into a real landscape, unfolding it as a continuing event here and now, a literary excursion creates an irreplaceable effect of participation in the artistic world. Indeed, the effect of interaction between the literary text and the landscape turns out to be multifaceted. First, the perception of the literary text itself is changing. The lines of a familiar work, localized in the route, acquire the ultimate concreteness. The excursionist, comparing the object and the author's associations generated by it, himself enters the process of creative transformation of the area. Secondly, the semantics of everyday space is changing: the familiar streets of the city, faceless, silent houses take on the appearance, voice, speak the language of literary legends. In the mind of the perceiver, mechanisms are activated that turn the profane space into a cultural landscape saturated with meanings. And, finally, the processes of identification of the territory and self-identification of the person living on it are activated, the natural need to know and love their land deepens. Literary excursions should be grouped as follows: Literary and biographical - pass in places that keep the memory of the life and work of a certain writer; Literary and artistic (poetic and textual); Literary and local history - devoted to the study of the natural or anthropogenic, cultural complex with the help of literary works; Literary and biographical tours are held in places that keep the memory of the life and work of the writer, poet, playwright, etc. (for example, "A.S. Pushkin in Moscow and Moscow region", "Kuprin in St. Petersburg", etc.); historical and literary, revealing certain periods in the development of Russian national literature (for example, "Literary Moscow of the 20s of the XX century", "Literary Eagle", etc.); literary and artistic are poetic and textual excursions (for example, "White Nights in St. Petersburg") or excursions to places that are reflected in the works of a particular writer (for example, "In the footsteps of the heroes of M. Sholokhov", Leo Tolstoy's work "War and Peace", etc.). Conclusions. In this way, in a brief form, the essence of an excursion can be defined as follows: an excursion is the amount of knowledge communicated to a group of people in a specific form, and a certain system of actions for their transfer. Literary excursions
are subdivided into literary and biographical (according to places that keep the memory of the life and work of the writer, poet, playwright); historical and literary (dedicated to certain periods in the development of Russian literature); literary and artistic (according to the places that were the scene of action in the works of this or that writer). 2. Development of the excursion "To the Motherland of V. Soloukhin"
.1 General idea (text) of the excursion
The planned tour is dedicated to the life and work of the outstanding Vladimir poet and prose writer Vladimir Soloukhin. Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin
(06/14/1924-04/04/1997), writer. Born in the village of Alepino, Vladimir Region, into a peasant family. Born into a peasant family. His mother, Stepanida Ivanovna, knew by heart many poems by Nekrasov, Surikov, A.K. Tolstoy. What was reflected in the son, who thus encountered poetry at the age of four. After graduating from school, in 1938-1942. studied at a technical school in Vladimir, received the specialty of a mechanic-instrumentalist. The further fate of Vladimir Soloukhin developed in such a way that since 1942, after graduating from a technical school, he served in a military unit guarding the Kremlin, in 1945 he wandered into the classes of the Literary Association. One could see Lugovsky, Tikhonov, Selvinsky, Antokolsky, Shchipachev, Kovalenkov conducting classes there, and Lukonin, Mezhirov, Gudzenko, Mikhail Lvov, Yulia Drunina, Nedogonov, Narovchatov, Pavel Shubin, and others participating in classes. Thanks to this, after serving in army, Vladimir Soloukhin began to seriously engage in literary activities. In 1946, having published his first poems in Komsomolskaya Pravda and realizing his vocation, he entered the Literary Institute. M. Gorky, who graduated in 1951. After graduating from the institute, he worked as a traveling essay writer, wrote reports on trips around the country and abroad. He worked as a member of the editorial board of the magazine "Young Guard" (1958-1981), a member of the editorial board, and then the Editorial Board of the magazine "Our Contemporary". Soloukhin's poems were at first traditional in form, then his lyrics increasingly approached prose, he abandoned rhyme and meter, separating poems through syntactic parallels and repetitions of words and parts of a sentence. Soloukhin's prose, in its associative structure and the fact that the action in it often fades into the background, resembles the prose of K.G. Paustovsky (about whose work Soloukhin spoke with deep understanding); this prose combines journalistic documentary and natural lyrics, primordially peasant, based on their own observations of the life of collective farmers, and reflections on art history topics, national-Russian admiration for the motherland and its cultural traditions and topical criticism. The first collection of poems "Rain in the Steppe" appeared in 1953. Criticism noted in the verses "the subtle charm of the image." In the early lyrics, there is a desire to pose such problems as the Motherland, its historical past and present, man and nature. The civic position of the author is revealed in verses containing reflections on the meaning of life, on the relationship between the poet and the people. This was followed by poetry collections "Crane" (1959), "Having Flowers in Hands" (1962), "To Live on Earth" (1965), in which, over time, the author's desire for a philosophical understanding of life intensified. In the 1950s the first collections of his poems were published, in which, over time, the author's desire for a philosophical understanding of life increased more and more. During trips around the country and foreign countries, he published reports and travel essays in various publications. The book "Vladimir country roads" (1957) made Soloukhin's name famous. In 1958, he was introduced to the presidium of the Union of Writers of the RSFSR, in 1959 - even the Union of Writers of the USSR. During the scandal around the publication in the West in 1957 of B. Pasternak's novel "Doctor Zhivago" and the awarding of the Nobel Prize (1958), Soloukhin was among those who condemned the poet, but, as Vladimir Alekseevich later explained, not for the sake of protecting the communist regime, but since he did not consider the novel to be so talented (it is really difficult to call it such), he did not sympathize with Pasternak's unpatriotic worldview and did not want to be his defender in this matter. Since 1951, he travels a lot around the country and foreign countries, publishing reports in various publications. The first separate book of essay prose, The Birth of Zernograd, was published in 1955; the next - "Gold Bottom" - in 1956. The book "Vladimir country roads" (1957) attracted serious attention from readers and critics, receiving the most approving responses. In 1964, he published the autobiographical novel Mother Stepmother. A special place in Soloukhin's work is occupied by his nonfiction books Letters from the Russian Museum (1966) and Black Boards (1969). In 1964 - 81 he was a member of the editorial board of the magazine "Young Guard". Living in Moscow, Soloukhin did not break ties with his native places, with the people there. In 1965, a collection of poems "From Lyrical Positions" was published. The 1970s saw the publication of the books Olepinsky Ponds (1973) and Visiting 3 Vanks (1975). In the 1980s - "Time to collect stones" about Optina Hermitage (a monastery near the city of Kozelsk) and a collection of short stories and essays "The Disaster with Pigeons". The theme of Russian nature, the spiritual wealth of the people has always occupied the writer, he wrote about the need to preserve and protect them. The main theme of Soloukhin's work is the Russian village. Vladimir Soloukhin is a prominent representative of the "village writers". In 1975, the autobiographical story "The Sentence" was published in the Moscow magazine, where the main character (on whose behalf the story is being told) is diagnosed with cancer and undergoes a surgical operation. Autobiographical prose occupies a special place in the writer's heritage, in which the author comprehends the history of Russia of the 20th century (“The Last Step”, “In the Light of Day”, “Salt Lake”, “The Bowl”). In them, standing on the Orthodox-nationalist positions, he sharply criticizes the atheistic, internationalist, liberal and communist worldview. In June 1956 Soloukhin traveled on foot across the Vladimir land. A feeling of love for the Motherland and pain for her fate are imbued with his stories "Vladimir country roads" (1957), "A drop of dew" (1960), "Laughter over the left shoulder" (1984). They were written on the basis of real impressions and brought him wide popularity. "Vladimir country roads" - these are 40 diary entries made during a trip to the father's land; "A drop of dew" is a portrait of the native village of Olepino, "projected onto the screen of the irretrievable childhood of an ordinary peasant boy." Soloukhin believed that just as in a drop you can see the reflection of the world, so in the life of one village you can find something characteristic of all of Russia. One of the first to raise the issue of the plight of the peasants, ruined by socialist experiments. In the book "In the Light of Day" (1992) he showed the anti-Russian essence of the Jewish Bolsheviks, who deliberately starved the Russian people in order to force them to submit to their power. In the book "Salt Lake" (1994) he revealed the sadism and pathological cruelty of the Jewish Bolsheviks in the face of one of their brightest representatives A. Gaidar. Soloukhin is credited with being one of the initiators of the social movement for the preservation of the national cultural heritage, historical monuments and places of interest. A significant place after the lyrical stories in Soloukhin's work was occupied by the controversial artistic and journalistic essays "Letters from the Russian Museum" (1966), "Black Boards" (1969) about ancient Russian art, which were sensational at that time, in which Soloukhin raised the most acute problems of saving and restoring dying monuments. antiquity. Reflecting on the role of modern man in the progressive development of life, Soloukhin posed and developed the problems of his interaction with the earth, nature, culture, and the heritage of the past. Soloukhin's traditional theme of "respect for tradition" became the basis of the books "Time to collect stones" (1980) and "Continuation of time (Letters from different places)" (1988). In the latter, the writer shared his thoughts on the sad fate of historical places associated with the names of prominent figures of Russian national culture (essays on the estate of G.R. Derzhavin - Zvanka, on Blok's Chess, Optina Pustyn, associated with the names of Gogol, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy). Soloukhin called for an effective change in the current situation in relation to the cultural heritage of the past - monuments of old architecture, painting, music. Soloukhin's "philosophy of patriotism" was formed in "Black Boards", "Letters from the Russian Museum", as well as in "Slavic Notebook" (1965). The main idea of Soloukhin's artistic and journalistic books is the responsibility of a person for the preservation of spiritual wealth before future generations. Soloukhin was one of the founders of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, an active member of the Russian Club, and in the 90s he was one of the leaders of the movement for the restoration of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. In the late 1950s and 1960s, Soloukhin widely turned to the small genre, created the stories “A Girl on the Edge of the Sea”, “The Ice Peaks of Mankind”, “Varvara Ivanovna”, etc. human connection in the modern world. The autobiographical novel Mother-Stepmother (1964) is the first experience in this genre. It is dedicated to the life of post-war students. The protagonist is a village boy, Sergeant Mitya Zolushkin, serving in the capital. He enters the Literary Institute, finds himself in an unusual environment. The difficult process of the hero's getting used to the urban world, and the hero-poet, is traced. The soul of Cinderella was looking for simplicity and naturalness of relations. It was important for Soloukhin to show the birth of an artist in the hero. In the early 60s, Soloukhin experienced a spiritual turning point: "... I ... began to see the light and, more precisely, I saw the light." The story of this "enlightenment" is told by the writer in his novel "The Last Step (Confession of Your Contemporary)" (1976-95). Soloukhin called his novel "the main book", which, according to him, was written in 1976 "without looking back" (i.e. without self-censorship) and lay in the writer's desk for almost 20 years (one of the chapters of the novel called "Reading Lenin" was published by the German publishing house "Posev" in 1988). The entire novel was published in 1995. L. Leonov, who got acquainted with it in the manuscript, noted: “In general, a person walks around Moscow with a hydrogen bomb in his briefcase and pretends that there is a bottle of brandy there.” The “disgraced” work of Soloukhin is a confessional novel about the painful path of insight of the Russian nugget writer, about the fate of Russia in the 20th century, the essence of the Soviet system and the way of life in the era of “stagnation”, about the fatal national questions “What to do?” and “Who is to blame?”. The question is sharply raised "about Jewish dominance in Russia, about the desire of the Jewish leaders for world domination over mankind." The pathos of "epiphany" marked the sharply critical story "The Funeral of Stepanida Ivanovna" (1967, published in "New World" in 1987), and the story about childhood "Laughter over the left shoulder" (1989), and the article "Delusion" (1991), book about V.I. Lenin "In the light of day" (1992), the story "Salt Lake" - about the pathological cruelty of the Bolsheviks in the person of one of their brightest representatives A. Gaidar. Soloukhin tried his hand at different genres: from the first poem "Rain on the Steppe" to "A Wreath of Sonnets" - a complex form of fifteen sonnets. Soloukhin's famous poems "Men" and "Slogans of Jeanne d Ark" set to music. The writer believed that "within the limits of one's profession, one should be able to solve any problems", as he solved them within the genre framework of a story, a short story, a lyrical miniature ("Pebbles in the Palm", 1977), a poem, a novel, a film script. In 1983-84, the publishing house Khudozhestvennaya Literatura published the Collected Works of the writer in 4 volumes. In 1995, the release of a 10-volume collected works began. Posthumously published memoirs "The Chalice". Public speeches by V.A. Soloukhin during the “late perestroika” (late 1980s) were, in contrast to the semi-official speeches of past years, already from the standpoint of the idealization of pre-revolutionary Russia. In the article “Reading Lenin”, Soloukhin was one of the first to openly express the idea that it is necessary to reconsider the view of the figure of Lenin in the history of Russia. During the years of "perestroika", the idea was popular that the crimes of the era of Stalin's rule were a "perversion of Lenin's principles", while Soloukhin substantiated the opposite thesis - that they were a natural continuation of Lenin's policy. Vladimir Soloukhin traveled a lot, his works have been translated into foreign languages. He left a great poetic legacy, among which the poem "Three bird-cherry days" stands out. In the last years of his life, the author read Cheryomukha from the stage at all literary and artistic events where he was invited. Vladimir Alekseevich was an extremely friendly and by no means snobby author, with whom it was easy to work. Kindness was one of the hallmarks of his character. He was absolutely not envious, generous to those whom he sympathized with. I am quiet and kind. love with friends
Drink, eat. Alone
I like to stay with poetry
that awaken in me.
He considered himself first and foremost a poet. He asked to be represented only as a "poet and prose writer", with "poet" in the first place. Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy said the following words about Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin: “Over the years of his life, the Lord judged Vladimir Alekseevich to do and experience a lot. However, in all life circumstances, he always set an example of integrity, honesty and loyalty to his vocation. He went through a long creative path full of many events and trials. Today V.A. Soloukhin is known as an outstanding contemporary writer who has made a significant contribution to the treasury of world culture. The creation of highly artistic literary works, numerous appearances in the Russian and foreign press, participation in many socially significant events, work to recreate the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - Vladimir Alekseevich successfully carried out these and other things throughout his life. And, apparently, it is providential that his funeral was performed in a recreated All-Russian shrine. By his selfless service to art, by his wise word and good deed, he, through the talent given by God, convincingly testified to love for Russia, adherence to high Christian ideals and faith in the great spiritual strength of our people. Therefore, Vladimir Alekseevich has earned well-deserved authority and recognition, and his inspired work has always attracted and continues to attract the attention of the cultural community. May the Lord rest his soul in the heavenly villages and create an eternal memory for him. Vladimir Alekseevich Soloukhin was buried in his native village of Alepino. .2 Methodological development of the excursion "To the Motherland of V. Soloukhin"
Introduction. The guide highlights the topic of the tour, the main points that are planned to be visited during the tour. Subtopic 1. Years of study in Vladimir
Route. Golden Gate - the building of the Aviation Mechanical College - Yuryevets village Display object: task of the Aviation Mechanical College. The technique used is a description, a story about the years of study of V. Soloukhin in Vladimir. Logical transition: While studying in Vladimir, V. Soloukhin often came to his native village of Alepino. Subtopic 2. V. Soloukhin's childhood
Route: Yuryevets village - turn to Stavrovo. Show object: Photographs by S. Alepino, the house of the writer's parents. We use the method of event reconstruction. Subtopic 3. Literary creativity of V. Soloukhin.
Route: turn to Stavrovo village - with. Alepino. Display objects: neighborhood with. Alepino ("Vladimir lanes"). Photos. Upon arrival in Alepino we show the house where V. Soloukhin lived, we pass through the village. Next stop - the village cemetery, the place - where the writer is buried (memorial). Conclusion. Summing up the tour, answering questions. 2.3 Itinerary
The tour is designed for 4 hours (including 1 hour 20 minutes from the place of departure "Golden Gate" - the village of Alepino and back). Departure from the Golden Gates at 10.00. Vladimir nature, so richly and generously covered in the works of Soloukhin. The tour ends at the Golden Gates of Vladimir. The guide during the entire tour reads poetry, or part of V. Soloukhin's prose, starting from early work (from the beginning of the tour) and ending with later works. Conclusions. So, in the second chapter of the work, the development of the excursion “To the Motherland of V. Soloukhin” was carried out. For this purpose, the biography of the writers was studied, the methodological development of the excursion was carried out, and the route scheme was developed. Conclusion
As a result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn. By themselves, judgments about the essence of the excursion are extremely “young”. For the first time the concept of "essence of excursion" was considered by the author of this textbook in 1976. 1. Then, in several editions prepared by the same author, the content of the concept was supplemented and received a more complete interpretation in the textbook "Fundamentals of excursions" (1985). Throughout the development of the excursion business, scientists and excursionists, trying to comprehend the significance of excursions, their place in the upbringing of a person, wrote a lot about their content, effectiveness, etc. The authors did not come to a consensus on this issue, but they cannot be denied that they were on the right track. Excursions can concretize existing knowledge, give new ones, develop the ability to approach phenomena from the life of nature and people, increase interest in what is being studied and evoke feelings in the field of feelings. While some direct the excursion primarily to provide knowledge, others strive for it to help tourists develop the ability and skills to see works of art, natural phenomena, events from different areas of people's lives. The development of skills is another facet of the concept of "essence of the excursion". A wide range of display objects, multifaceted topics, the development of the method of conducting excursions, the professional skills of guides allow excursions to perform certain functions, each of which plays an important role in the upbringing and education of a person. Any form of cultural and educational work has its own distinctive features. The main feature of the excursion is a high degree of visibility. Other signs are also important. They are not the same for various excursions (bus and walking, industrial and museum). However, it should be borne in mind that the signs listed above are mandatory for any excursion. The division of excursions into well-defined groups in practice is somewhat arbitrary, but it is of great importance for the activities of excursion institutions. The correct classification of excursions provides conditions for a better organization of the guide's work with clients, facilitates specialization, and creates the basis for the activities of methodological sections. The use of patterns for conducting excursions for a specific group helps to ensure that each excursion is prepared and effective. When developing new themes of excursions, the achievements of individual branches of knowledge are used with greater completeness and purposefulness. The main task of developing the theme of excursions is the most complete satisfaction of consumer demand for excursion services. To accomplish this task, the subject should be considered in three ways: as the subject of an excursion institution, which is built on the sum of the specialties of guides; as the topic of a specific methodological section, built on the efforts of workers of one specialty (historical, literary, art history, natural history, etc.) and as the topic of a specific guide, which is built on the maximum use of his knowledge and experience as a specialist in a particular industry. The constant development of new interesting topics, the improvement of existing topics are one of the main reserves for the growth of the volume of excursion services provided to the consumer. As part of the study of the biography of V.A. Soloukhin found the following. Soloukhin Vladimir Alekseevich (1924-1997), poet, prose writer. Born on June 14 in the village of Alepino, Vladimir Region, into a peasant family. After graduating from school, in 1938 - 42 he studied at an engineering school in Vladimir, received the specialty of a mechanic-instrumentalist. During the war, Soloukhin served in the special forces guarding the Kremlin. In 1946, having published his first poems in Komsomolskaya Pravda and realizing his vocation, he entered the Literary Institute. M. Gorky, who graduated in 1951. The first collection of poems "Rain in the Steppe" appeared in 1953. This was followed by poetry collections "Crane" (1959), "Having Flowers in Hands" (1962), "To Live on Earth" (1965) , in which, over time, the author's desire for a philosophical understanding of life intensified. Since 1951, he travels a lot around the country and foreign countries, publishing reports in various publications. The first separate book of essay prose, The Birth of Zernograd, was published in 1955; the next - "Gold Bottom" - in 1956. The book "Vladimir country roads" (1957) attracted serious attention from readers and critics, receiving the most approving responses. In 1964, he published the autobiographical novel Mother Stepmother. A special place in Soloukhin's work is occupied by his nonfiction books Letters from the Russian Museum (1966) and Black Boards (1969). In 1964 - 81 he was a member of the editorial board of the magazine "Young Guard". Living in Moscow, Soloukhin did not break ties with his native places, with the people there. In 1965, a collection of poems "From Lyrical Positions" was published. The 1970s saw the publication of the books Olepinsky Ponds (1973) and Visiting 3 Vanks (1975). In the 1980s - "Time to collect stones" about Optina Hermitage (a monastery near the city of Kozelsk) and a collection of short stories and essays "The Disaster with Pigeons". The theme of Russian nature, the spiritual wealth of the people has always occupied the writer, he wrote about the need to preserve and protect them. V. Soloukhin died on April 5, 1997 in Moscow. List of used literature
1. Avdasheva S.B., Rozanova N.M. The theory of organization of industrial markets: Textbook. M., 2008. Azar V.I., Tumanov S.Yu. Economics of the tourism market. M, 2012. Actual tasks of tourism development in Russia at the present stage and tasks of the National Academy of Tourism / Ed. Yu.V. Kuznetsova and others - St. Petersburg, 2012. Alyabyeva, R.V. Excursion methodology / R.V. Alyabyeva. ― M.: Academy, 2004. ― 385With. Emelyanov, B.V. Guide / B.V. Emelyanov . ― M.: TsRIB Tourist, 1992. ― 375With. Bokov M.A. Strategic management of recreational enterprises in a transitional economy. SPb., 2011. Zharkov, A.D. Excursion as a pedagogical process: methodological recommendations / A.D. Zharkov . ― M.: TsRIB "Tourist", 2003. ― 39With. Bowman K. Fundamentals of strategic management / Per. from English. ed. L.G. Zaitseva, M.I. Sokolova. M., 2010. Brymer Robert A. Fundamentals of management in the hospitality industry. M., 2012. Bukhalkov M.I. Intra-company planning: Textbook. 2nd ed., rev. and additional M., 2010. Golub L.A. Socio-economic statistics: Proc. allowance. M., 2011. Hotel and tourist business / Ed. HELL. Chudnovsky. M., 2008. Efremova M.V. Fundamentals of tourism business technology: Proc. allowance. - M., 2009. Ivanov Yu.N. Economic statistics: Textbook. M., 2009. Ilyina E.N. Fundamentals of tourism activities: Textbook. M., 2012. Kabushkin N.I. Tourism management: Proc. allowance for universities. Minsk, 2012. Karpova G.A., Vodovoda A.V. The concept of sustainable development of tourism and recreational activities in protected natural areas: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference. SPb., 2010. Levonevskaya, O.O. The skill of the guide / O.O. Levonevskaya . ― St. Petersburg: Peter, 2006. ― 583With. Kvartalnov V.A. Strategic management in tourism: Modern management experience. M., 2010. Krisovskaya, R.A. Guide / R.A. Krisovskaya . ― Minsk: Higher School, 2005. ― 395With. Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism management: Tourism as an activity: Textbook. M., 2012. Kotler F., Bowen J. Marketing: Hospitality and Tourism: A Textbook for High Schools / Per. from English. ed. R.B. Nozdreva M., 2008. Cooper K, Fletcher D., Gilbert D. Economics of Tourism: Theory and Practice. SPb., 2008. Lopatnikov L.I. Dictionary of Economics and Mathematics: Dictionary of Modern Economic Science. M., 2009. Multivariate statistical analysis in economics / L.A. Soshnikov and others; Ed. V.N. Tomashevich. M., 2009. Fundamentals of tourism activities: Textbook for tourist lyceums and colleges / Ed. E.N. Ilyin. M., 2012. Papiryan G.A. International economic relations: Economics of tourism. M., 2012. Papiryan G.A. Marketing in tourism. M., 2009. Papiryan G.A. Management in the hospitality industry: Hotels and restaurants. M., 2010. The development of tourism at the present stage and the tasks of the Academy of Tourism / Ed. Yu.V. Kuznetsova. - St. Petersburg, 2010. Revinsky I.A., Romanova L.S. Behavior of the firm in the service market: Tourism and travel: Proc. allowance. Novosibirsk, 2011. Raikov, B.E. Methods and technique of conducting excursions / B.E. Raykov . ― M.: Nauka, 2004. ― 186With. Russian Statistical Yearbook: Regions of Russia. M., 2011. Saprunova V.B. Tourism: Evolution, structure, marketing. M., 2010. Senin V.S. Organization of international tourism: Textbook. M., 2012. Dark Yu.V., Dark L.R. Economics of Tourism: Textbook. M., 2010. Proceedings of the Academy of Tourism: Sat. scientific works. Issue. 3, 4 / Ed. Yu.V. Kuznetsova, A.T. Kirilova, G.A. Karpova. SPb., 2012. Unique territories in the cultural heritage and natural heritage of the regions: Sat. scientific works. - M., 2010. Walker John R. An Introduction to Hospitality. M., 2012. Sustainable Tourism Planning: A Handbook for Local Planners. Madrid, 2009. Usyskin G.S. Essays on Russian tourism. SPb., 2009. Fedina, A.I. Guide / A.I. Fedina . ― Krasnodar: Southern Institute of Management, 201 2. ― 211 p. Shapoval, G.F. History of tourism / G.F. Shapoval . ― Minsk: Ecoperspective, 2011. ― 190 p. Sholokhov, V.N. Organization and conduct of excursions / V.N. Sholokhov . ― M.: Profizdat, 2005. ― 87With. Economics of modern tourism / Ed. G.A. Karpova. M., 2011. Yakovlev G.A. Economics and statistics of tourism: Proc. allowance. M., 2009.
Excursion work arose as an independent profession in the XVIII ―XIX centuries influenced by the development of transport, the resort industry and the hotel business, primarily in Western Europe and Russia. It was the fashion for travel in the 19th century, which became widespread for the privileged strata of society, that dictated the emergence of a new profession ― « tour guide and tour guide-translator.
Activation of excursion activities in the XIX century. was associated with the emergence of a number of organizations that practiced excursion trips. The development of excursion activities was accompanied by the opening of historical, cultural and natural history monuments, ensembles, museums, as well as various exhibitions. This was facilitated by the initiative activity of scientific societies.
He wrote in the morning, every day, making it a rule: two pages a day, no more, no less. But he said that if he felt the approach of the birth of a verse, he immediately put aside everything that he was working on at that moment: an essay, a story, a novel. “I wrote prose myself, and poetry - it always seemed to me, under someone's dictation,” he admitted. This is how the wonderful poems "Hawk", "Arrow", "A long time ago", and others appeared.
Vladimir Soloukhin died on April 4, 1997 in Moscow. The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow. Vladimir Soloukhin was the first to be buried in the temple after its opening.
In general, the design of a tourist service is carried out in the following sequence:
- * establishment of normalized characteristics of the service;
- * establishment of technologies for the process of serving tourists;
- * development of technological documentation;
- * definition of quality control methods;
- * project analysis;
- * submission of the project for approval.
The result of designing a tourist service are technological documents (technological maps, rules, instructions, etc.).
The quality control documentation should establish the forms, methods and organization of control over the implementation of the tourist service process in order to ensure its compliance with the planned characteristics.
Design analysis is the final design stage. It is carried out by representatives of the relevant functional departments of the tourist enterprise.
It is aimed at identifying and timely elimination of inconsistencies in the project. The result of the analysis is the refined content of the technological documentation of the tourist enterprise.
The documentation for the designed tourist services and tourist service processes is approved by the head of the tourist enterprise in agreement with the customer.
The development of a specific tourist route is a complex and multi-stage procedure that requires highly qualified developers and is the main element of the tourist service technology. This procedure is lengthy and sometimes takes several months. It ends with the coordination and approval of the route passport. The route passport is used in the formation of tours.
Route development includes the following main steps:
- * study of tourist resources on the proposed route;
- * marketing of the market for tourist services along this route;
- * determining the type of route;
- * building a sketch model;
- * linking the route to life support points;
- * development of a security scheme;
- * development of the route passport;
- * coordination of the passport with the relevant services;
- * Trial running and making the necessary changes;
- * approval of the itinerary passport.
After the route is developed, agreements (contracts) are concluded with carriers. These can be agreements with airlines, railways, motor transport companies and shipping.
In the process of developing the route, there is an intensive correspondence with the host, the conditions for receiving and servicing tourists, the conditions for booking hotels, coordinating dates of arrivals and arrival times, and approving guides are negotiated.
The relationship with the host is based on the division of the services provided. A foreign firm provides accommodation, meals, excursion services, and sometimes insurance. Russian firm - transportation of tourists, insurance, visa processing. The advertising company is carried out by a Russian company using only its own funds, without the help of a partner.
The tour operator may himself conclude agreements with hotels, restaurants, transport organizations, tour service bureaus, etc., but such activities may not be beneficial for him, as they require a lot of money and time.
The system of relations between the main subjects in the field of international tourism is legally formalized by contracts.
The agreement on cooperation in the field of international tourism between Russian and foreign companies is based on the division of services between them and includes the following articles:
1. The Subject of the Agreement.
The form of cooperation, the legislative framework, relations with third parties, the procedure for processing other documents related to the contract are reflected.
2. Obligations of the parties.
This paragraph specifies the responsibilities of the sending and receiving parties. The minimum and maximum number of tourists and groups, routes, programs and service conditions are negotiated.
3. Service documents and the procedure for their use.
This paragraph contains a list of basic tourist service documents, and briefly describes their content. This clause is necessary to resolve disputes between the parties in case of unfair performance of an obligation by one or another party.
- 4. Medical care and conditions for its provision.
- 5. Procedure for canceling orders.
- 6. Terms of payment.
There are various ways of paying for the provision of tourist services: check, letter of credit, bank transfer, cash payment. Checks and letters of credit are practically not used, although a letter of credit is the most reliable form of securing payment and fulfillment of all the terms of the contract, since the money transferred in advance from the foreign currency account of the sending party is in the bank and is not issued to the receiving party after the submission of documents confirming the fulfillment of obligations.
7. Liability for causing damage.
This paragraph stipulates liability for damage to the health and property of the tourist, as well as liability for damage caused by the fault of the tourist.
8. Procedure for resolving disputes.
If it is impossible to reach an agreement, it is carried out by the arbitration court at the location of the defendant.
- 9. Special conditions.
- 10. Procedure for entry into force, modification and termination of the contract.
- 11. Legal addresses of the parties.
In our country, thousands of domestic and international tourist routes with various modes of transportation (bus, water, rail, foot, etc.) have been developed and are operating.
Information on them can be obtained from local tourism authorities, travel agencies and bureaus.
Formation of tours
After the development and approval of the route, they begin to form the tour.
According to GOST R 50681-94 "Tourist and excursion service. Design of tourist services", the design of the tour provides for the coordination of the capabilities of the enterprise that carries out this design with the requests of tourists.
The basis for designing a service is its verbal model (brief description) - a set of requirements identified as a result of a study of the service market, agreed with the customer and taking into account the capabilities of the service provider.
The design of the process of servicing tourists during the entire tourist trip is carried out at separate stages of the provision of services and with the obligatory compilation of technological maps for each of them. The result of designing a tourist service is technological documentation (technological maps, instructions, contracts, rules, regulations, etc.).
When preparing a tour, the tour operator must submit for approval to the management:
- * description of the route, tour program, characteristics of accommodation facilities (addresses, names, accommodation conditions), food conditions;
- * tour costing;
- * data on the country of the tourist trip, on the customs of the local population, shrines, monuments of nature, history, culture and other objects of tourist display that are under special protection, the state of the natural environment, currency exchange conditions;
- * safety conditions for tourists on the route;
- * information about the required addresses and telephone numbers (names, surnames of officials, embassies / consulates of Russia);
- * information about the host travel company (telephones, addresses, names, procedure for resolving conflict situations);
- * a sample voucher and a sheet of marks for the voucher (or documents replacing them, agreed with the host);
- * information about the rules of entry into the country (place) of temporary stay there, about customs requirements.
All these requirements are reflected in the following documents, which are approved by the general certification body:
1. Technological map of the route.
When developing a technological map of the route, the main indicators of the route, the place of stay, the dates of arrivals, the approximate (expected) number of tourists, the program for servicing tourists traveling along the route, and the description are determined.
2. Route passport.
The route passport is a more detailed description of the route, includes organizational and legal aspects, regulates the relationship between the tourist enterprise, the tourist and the company that has entered into a partnership agreement with the tour operator. It also reflects the conditions of travel insurance.
3. Information leaflet.
According to the law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" and "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation", a tourist must be provided with reliable and complete information about the upcoming trip. Therefore, the information sheet must be attached to the set of mandatory documents issued to the client by hand. It reflects the basic information about the host country, the host company, the safety conditions for tourists on the route, the necessary contact numbers for communication with the Russian embassy, with the host company. It may also contain other documents: a memo-tour program, maps, prospectuses, etc.
- * accommodation facilities and a set of services provided;
- * living conditions (location, category, level of comfort);
- * food conditions;
- * transfer conditions;
- * tour program;
- * excursion service;
- * the presence of a guide accompanying;
- * additional services.
The document is certified by the signature of the head and the seal of the enterprise. In addition to the information leaflet, a memo for the tourist should be developed.
In accordance with the requirements of GOST R 50690-2000, clause 5.7, a tourist memo should contain information about:
- * rules of entry into the country (places) of temporary residence;
- * conditions of stay;
- * customs regulations;
- * customs of the local population, national and religious features of the region, religious shrines, monuments of nature, history, culture and other objects of tourist display that are under special protection;
- * the state of the environment;
- * risk factors for health, based on climatic and natural conditions;
- * time zone and climatic conditions on the route;
- * dangers that tourists may encounter while traveling;
- * rules of personal safety;
- * features of travel;
- * exchange rate and the order of their exchange;
- * rules for car rental, traffic and parking;
- * other useful information.
The document is also certified by the signature of the head and the seal of the enterprise.
The inspector for the sale of vouchers (manager of a travel company) or the head of the tourist group develops an interview plan with tourists traveling abroad on this tour.
The interview should be conducted at the stage of issuing a tourist voucher.
During the conversation, information should be voiced, both included in the information sheet, and additional, related to the questions of the buyer of the tour (voucher). In general, the content of the interview should include the following information: a brief description of the place of residence (country, city); historical and cultural features; accepted standards of conduct; information about places that tourists are not recommended to visit on their own, about known methods of deception, about the price level (food, public transport):
- * about the need to comply with customs regulations;
- * excerpts from the legislation of the host country relating to the stay of foreigners on its territory;
- * on the content of medical insurance (which is covered), on the independent responsibility of a tourist who has not concluded an insurance contract in the event of a sudden illness or accident;
- about possible risk factors for the life and health of a tourist:
- - injury risk (how to avoid injuries, and what emergency measures should be taken in case of injury, pay attention to swimming in the sea and pool, independent walks);
- - environmental impact (favorable time of the year for this trip, weather conditions of the area, microclimate indicators in hotels and vehicles - air conditioning, heating, etc.);
- - fire hazard (on compliance with fire safety during residence - smoking, using a boiler, etc.);
- - biological factors (about self-feeding - food poisoning, about poisonous plants, insects and animals found in the region, about carriers of infectious diseases, especially for countries in Africa and Southeast Asia);
- - psychological risk factors (on the creation of conditions for normal life, on the need to follow the rules of conduct for each tourist in order to prevent incorrect loads for other members of the tourist group);
- - dangerous radiation (about the impact of ultraviolet radiation on humans: warn about the difference in levels of solar radiation in the north and south, about a reasonable time spent on the beach, about measures to prevent heat stroke, sunburn);
- - other risk factors (providing tourists with sufficient information about the tourism services being sold, whether tourists clearly understand what is included in the service program, what is included in the cost of the tour, which services are basic, which are additional);
- - specific risk factors (about the level of professional readiness of the attendants - accompanying, guides, about the possibility of disasters and other emergencies, including those related to the state of public order: explain who to contact in such cases, how not to create panic);
- - recommendations on the required level of personal physical fitness, health status, age restrictions (elderly people, small children), on the characteristics of individual equipment;
- * about measures to ensure the safety of the tourist's property (about depositing valuables, about losing keys, luggage receipts, etc.). About where to apply in case of loss of travel documents or a passport;
- * about filing a claim in case of deviations from the service program (submit while on the route to the accompanying group, the representative of the host, to the local administration, etc.).
Route directory
Each destination manager compiles an information catalog, which reflects all the information on the route, the host country, cities, descriptions of hotels (rooms, meals, services) and excursions. Usually this is a colorfully designed album, in which the client, having come to the company, can and should find everything that may interest him, and the manager, having received regional studies, must give all the information to the questions that arise.
Tour costing
After the prices for transport are received, and foreign partners set the price for their package of services, the tour operator calculates the cost of the tourist package. In addition to the cost of the ticket and the package of services of the host company, the cost of a tourist voucher includes overhead costs (rent, telephone calls, fax correspondence, use of information networks, etc.), the profit of the operating company and commissions for companies operating under an agency agreement, and as well as taxes attributable to cost. The result is the price at which vouchers for this route will be sold.
Sample voucher
The tourist voucher must be attached to the tourist voucher. According to Article 10 of the Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation", on the basis of a tourist voucher, mutual settlements between the tour operator and or the travel agent directing the tourist and the tour operator for admission or persons who provided specific services are settled.
A voucher is an official document that the sending company issues to individual tourists or the group leader in their hands as confirmation of their right to receive the services listed in it from the host company. Upon arrival of tourists at their destination, the voucher is handed over to the host.
Currently, international tourist vouchers are widely used in tourism.
An international travel voucher is a document that combines a regular voucher with an official payment document as an integral part of it. It saves a lot of time and money. The international travel voucher is accepted by service businesses all over the world and virtually eliminates the need to enter into agreements with each of these companies separately.
One of the main documents of the package of technological documentation is a contract with a client for travel services (sale of tickets).
The terms of the agreement include:
- * information about the tour operator (seller), including information about the license for the right to carry out tourism activities, the legal address of the enterprise and bank details;
- * information about the tourist (buyer) in the amount necessary for the implementation of the tourist product;
- * information about the tour operator at the reception (partner of the seller), including information about the license, legal address, bank details and contact numbers;
- * information about the consumer properties of the tourist product, the program of stay and the route of travel, the conditions for the safety of tourists and the certification of the tourist product;
- * date and time of the beginning and end of the trip, its duration;
- * the procedure for meeting, seeing off and escorting tourists;
- * rights, duties and responsibilities of the parties;
- * the retail price of the tourist product and the procedure for its payment;
- * the minimum number of tourists in the group;
- * the term for informing the tourist that the trip will not take place due to a shortage of the group;
- * conditions for changing and terminating the contract, the procedure for settling disputes that have arisen in connection with this and indemnification;
- * the procedure and terms for presenting claims by a tourist.
Other terms of the contract are determined by agreement of the parties.
All documents are of an official nature, must be signed by the head of the enterprise and have a company seal.
The list of possible tourist services provided during a tourist trip is determined and specified in the draft tourist service program.
When developing a tourist service program, the following are determined:
- * travel itinerary;
- * list of tourist enterprises - performers (suppliers) of services;
- * composition of excursions and sightseeing objects;
- * the period for the provision of services by each enterprise - service provider;
- * list of tourist trips, walks;
- * a complex of leisure activities;
- * length of stay at each point of the route;
- * the number of tourists participating in the trip;
- * modes of transport for domestic transportation;
- * the need for guides, guides, foreign representatives, instructors, translators and others, as well as the need for their training;
- * the required number of vehicles;
- * the procedure for preparing advertising and information materials;
- * travel description form for information leaflets for tourist vouchers and their number.
In the tourism business, there are two main types of tour:
- * inclusive tour - a comprehensive service that includes the entire package of tourist services: accommodation, meals, excursion services, transportation, as well as additional services: household, sports and recreation, physical education, medical, etc.;
- * custom tour - a set of individual tourist services: meals, accommodation, excursion services, transport, etc.
An inclusive tour is a tour with a rigid, pre-planned (even before contact with the client) set of services focused on a particular type of recreation or tourism. Its peculiarity is that the tourist pays in advance for the entire list of such services, without taking into account the fact that the tourist may not use it. The composition of services on an inclusive tour does not change during implementation. The tourist must buy such a tour entirely or refuse it altogether.
An inclusive tour can be developed and practically tested even before meeting with the consumers of such a tour. They are organized and offered, as a rule, on popular routes, such as "Classic Italy", "Imperial Petersburg and its suburbs", etc.
Inclusive tours are most often developed for mass group tourism, and therefore enjoy significant discounts on group services offered by transport and hotel companies, as well as food and entertainment companies.
After the formation of an inclusive tour, as a rule, it must undergo an experimental implementation, the so-called "run". It can be combined with a promotional free (or discounted) trip, cruise, etc. Based on the results of the promotional tour, the costs are clarified, the rate of return is determined, the price is calculated, and the system of discounts is informed.
Thus, the main advantages of inclusive tours are:
- * lower cost compared to a tour where services are purchased separately;
- * the program and cost of the tour are known in advance;
- * the ability to maintain tour statistics;
- * advanced opportunities for conducting an advertising campaign for such a tour.
A custom tour expands the tourist's ability to plan their own time, allows them to choose tourist and other services in accordance with their capabilities ("for the money") and interests.
When selling custom tours, the formation of the program and the acquisition of the composition of services are carried out at will and with the direct participation of the tourist himself. He is offered a choice of different service options for each type of service in the proposed place of rest.
The services chosen by the tourist are formed into the tour program, the price that the tourist pays when purchasing the product is calculated.
The formation of a tour, both inclusive and custom, in its essence is an "assembly" of a number of services and goods into one "shell", called a tour. In addition to the mechanical compilation of such a set, the formation of the tour provides for a feasibility study in order to determine the profitability.
Recently, the formation of a tour using a computer has become increasingly popular. On the basis of the appropriate software, in real time, such a tour is formed that would satisfy the needs of the client to the maximum extent. If there are relevant agreements with transport companies and a ticket printing machine, a travel agency can issue a ticket for a tour, book hotel rooms and a full range of related tourist services right in their office.