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Acroo pol (ancient Greek ἀκρόπολις - upper city) - an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, the so-called upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war). On the Acropolis there were usually temples of the patron deities of the city. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Propylaea - solemn entrance to the Acropolis (437-432 BC). They were built by the architect Mnesicles and are located in the western part of the Acropolis. Propylaea - two Doric porticos, one of which faces the city, the other - to the top of the Acropolis. The ceilings of the porticos were decorated with caissons (square recesses) painted with gold stars on a blue background. These gates were the boundaries of the sanctuary. For the first time, two orders were used in this building: Doric on the outside, Ionic on the inside. To the right and left of the western portico were pavilions of unequal size. The larger, northwestern wing of the Propylaea housed the Pinakothek, an art gallery. In the southwestern wing of the Propylaea there is a library. The Propylaea had no sculptural decoration.
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Temple of Nike Apteros - an unusually elegant marble temple adjacent to the southwestern wing of the Propylaea, was built by the architect Kallikrates. The building is set at a slight angle to the facade of the Propylaea. Standing on a three-stage pedestal, the temple was surrounded on all sides by a sculptural frieze ribbon, which depicted episodes of the struggle between the Greeks and the Persians, the Olympic gods (Athena, Zeus, Poseidon). Inside the temple was a sculpture of Athena Nike, which has not survived, according to eyewitnesses, depicted with a helmet in one hand and a pomegranate fruit, a symbol of the victorious world, in the other.
Slide 7
The statue of Athena Promachos (Athena the Warrior) is a huge bronze statue by Phidias on the Athenian Acropolis, erected in 465-455 BC. e. She stood on a high pedestal between the Erechtheion and the Parthenon. Athena was depicted in a helmet, with a shield and a spear, and the helmet and the tip of the spear were gold. Installed on a high pedestal in the center of the Acropolis, it was a kind of connecting axis of the entire ensemble. Depicted in a luxurious helmet, with a shield and a spear, she was visible from afar, from the sea, because. the sun shone on the golden parts of the statue (the tip of the spear, the helmet). The sculpture of Athena Promachos by Phidias amazed contemporaries with its grandiose size.
Slide 8
The Erechtheion is an outstanding monument of ancient Greek architecture, made by an unknown author (421-415 and 409-406 BC). One of the legends associated with this temple tells of a dispute between the gods (Athena and Poseidon) about the patronage of Attica. An olive tree grew near the temple - a gift from Athena to the inhabitants of the city. Burnt by the Persians in 480 BC, as the legends told, it revived again. The floor of the temple retained traces of a blow with the trident of Poseidon. The peculiarity of the temple is its unusual asymmetric layout, taking into account the unevenness of the soil. From three sides the building is decorated with porticos of various shapes, including the famous portico of caryatids. The temple consists of two rooms located at different levels. The eastern part of the temple, located higher than the western part, is dedicated to Athena
Slide 9
Parthenoo n (ancient Greek Παρθενών) is the most famous monument of ancient architecture, located on the Athenian Acropolis, the main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena the Virgin (Ἀθηνᾶ Παρθένος). Built in 447 - 438 BC. e. architect Kallikrates, designed by Iktin
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Acropolis of Athens Developed by a teacher of fine arts: Gnatyuk Natalya Alexandrovna MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" in Yugorsk 2008-09slide 2
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Before you are images of columns of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders. Name the components of the columns. Give a definition: option 1 - pediment, option 2 - capital, option 3 - metope.
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Divide the ancient Greek structures into groups 1). Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens 2). Temple of Hera at Paestum 3). temple of Athena Nike 4). Temple of Apollo at Ephesus 5). Temple of Apollo at Corinth 6). Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 7). Temple of Zeus in Olympus
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ACROPOLIS ACROPOLIS (Greek akropolis), the elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, that is, the upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war).
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Ensemble of the Acropolis of Athens Propylaea Parthenon Temple of Athena Nike (Temple of Nike Apteros) Theater of Dionysus Temple of the Erechtheion Statue of Athena Promachos Pinakothek (art gallery) Library
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The Propylaea and Temple of Nike Apteros The sacred road along which the procession of the Athenians moved from the agora to the temple of the patron goddess during the main feast of the Great Panathenaic, leads to the Propylaea, which has 5 passages and was flanked in ancient times by two equestrian statues of the Dioscuri. In the left wing, protruding from them, there was the Pinakothek (a collection of pinak paintings brought as a gift to the goddess Athena), in the right there was a repository of manuscripts and a room for the gatekeeper and watchmen. To the right of the Propylaea on the pyrgos (a ledge of a fortified rock) stands a small, light and graceful temple of the Ionic order, consecrated to Athena Nike, known as the temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless Victory; 443-420, architect Kallikrates).
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Parthenon The main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena the Virgin. He flaunted on the highest point of the Athenian acropolis. On a rectangular platform (68.4 m long and 30.38 m wide), built of Piraeus stone and which could be climbed from all sides by three steps, stood a majestic Doric style periptera built of Pentelian marble with eight fluted columns and with seventeen in each long. The height of these columns was 11 m, the diameter of their section at the lower end was 1.8 m. smaller size: in the eastern portico was the entrance to the sanctuary. Both porticos were blocked off by gilded iron bars arranged between the columns. The interior of the temple consisted of two parts: the so-called cella, 100 feet long. (hence - another name for the Parthenon, Hekatompedon, that is, a hundred-foot temple) and from the back, less spacious room (opisphodome). In the temple stood a statue of Athena, sculpted by the great sculptor Phidias. The treasury, which contained the treasury of the Athenian Maritime Union and the city archive, adjoined the sanctuary from the west, from the back. Here, the priestesses of the temple wove sacred clothes (peplos), which the inhabitants of the city brought as a gift to the goddess during the festivities.
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Statue of Athena In the depths of the Parthenon, under the shadow of a horizontal ceiling, flaunted a colossal statue of Athena, one of the most magnificent works of Phidias. The goddess was represented standing in a simple but majestic pose, in a shell, with an aegis on her chest. At her feet, on the base, was a shield, slightly leaning against her left leg; on it rested the left hand of the goddess, holding the spear. On the palm of his right hand stood the figure of Victory, the size of a human being, holding a laurel wreath. The high helmet of Athena was decorated in the middle with a statue of a sphinx, and on the sides with figures of vultures. Around the spear, below, a snake was twisted - the emblem of wisdom. On the inside of the shield was a gigantomachy in relief, and on the outside - the battle of the Amazons. Even the edges of the clothes and sandals of the goddess were decorated with images of the battle of centaurs with lapiths. The whole statue was 26 cubits (7m) high and made on a wooden base of pure gold and ivory, so that the body parts were carved from the latter, while the rest of the parts were gold.
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The Erechtheion Temple In the Erechtheion, the oldest sanctuary of Athens, there was a sacred xoan of Athena (a wooden statue), according to legend, which fell from the sky, the altars of Hephaestus and the hero Booth, the tomb of the legendary Athenian king Kekrop, from the west adjoined the sanctuary of the Attic dew goddess Pandrosa. In the courtyard of the Erechtheion, a sacred olive tree grew, donated to the city by Athena, a salty spring beat, which Poseidon carved with his trident.
- The Acropolis in Athens is an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. Temples were usually built on the Acropolis in honor of the patron deities of the city.
- You can enter the Acropolis through the heavy gate - Propylaea
- . Immediately behind the Propylaea, a view of central square, in the center of which there was once a statue of the goddess Athena Promachos (Warrior)
- To the right of the Propylaea on a pyrgos (a ledge of a fortified rock) stands a small, light and graceful temple known as the Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless Victory)
- Behind the statue of the goddess Athena, Promachos was seen in the distance (architect unknown), the temple of Athena and Poseidon on the site of the dispute between these gods for the possession of Attica.
- The main temple of the Acropolis and Athens, the strict and majestic Parthenon
- In the Parthenon temple itself stood a statue of Athena Parthenos
- The temple and theater of Dionysus adjoined the northwestern slope of the Acropolis
- The Acropolis rises above all of Athens, its silhouette forms the skyline of the city. In ancient times, the Parthenon rising above the hill could be seen from any part of Attica and even from the islands of Salamis and Aegina;
- After the declaration of independence of Greece, during the restoration work (mainly in the late 19th century), the ancient appearance of the Acropolis was restored as far as possible: all late buildings on its territory were liquidated, the temple of Nike Apteros was re-laid, etc. The reliefs and sculptures of the temples of the Acropolis are in the British Museum (London), the Louvre (Paris) and the Acropolis Museum. The sculptures that remained in the open air have now been replaced by copies.
See you!
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Creative - research work 5 "a" and "b" class MOU secondary school Lyaskelya Acropolis of Athens Authors: Ivannikov Grigory, student of 5 "a" class, Meshcheryakov Yuri and Khoteev Alexei, students of 5 "b" class. Head: teacher of history, social studies and MHC Kleshchev Nikolay Nikolaevich
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The purpose of the work: To get acquainted with the history and architectural structure of the Athenian Acropolis and its purpose. Get to know the myths and legends associated with the Athenian Acropolis. Find out what impact architecture has had Ancient Greece on the subsequent development of the artistic culture of Europe. Tasks: 1. Get acquainted with the concept of "Acropolis" and find out what place he occupied in the life of the Hellenes. 2. To study the history of the Athenian Acropolis. 3. Get acquainted with the architectural monuments of the acropolis. 4. To study the features of the architecture of the temples of the Acropolis, its main temple - the Parthenon.
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This year, for the first time, we got acquainted with a new academic subject - history. When studying the theme “In the city of the goddess Athena”, we got acquainted in absentia with the architectural ensemble - the Acropolis of Athens. For thousands of years, the Acropolis has been a symbol of Athens. The Acropolis and its monuments, its history and myths are considered to be the pride of Greece. Hundreds of thousands of tourists every year make a pilgrimage to the sacred slopes, which fascinate with their splendor and beauty. We decided to study this topic more deeply, to touch the beauty of Greek art, to try to uncover the secret of the structure.
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1.Creative: the study of encyclopedic literature on the topic. 2. Method of scientific knowledge: search for missing information in the library, the Internet. 3. Historical method: ascending from the abstract to the concrete. 4. Virtual tour of the Acropolis of Athens.
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First stage: Introductory part: Definition of the topic, purpose, tasks. Acquaintance with the history and main architectural monuments of the Athenian Acropolis. Work planning. Second stage: Main part: Individual work and work in groups. Collection of material about the Acropolis. Paperwork. Third stage: Final part: Protection of the project.
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Individual work: 1. Independent study and collection of material on the history of the creation of the Athenian Acropolis, acquaintance with myths and legends dedicated to this historical monument. 2. Independent collection and analysis of data on the architectural structure of the Athenian Acropolis. Group work: 1. Selection of an executor (one or more), distribution of responsibilities, work planning, development of the project content, development of stages. 2. Joint collection and selection of photographs, development of the content of the text for the project, presentation of the results of the project: booklet, presentation.
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In the ancient Greek cities-policies, the acropolis was called an elevated and fortified part, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. Translated from Greek, this word means "high city". In later times, temples were built on the acropolis in honor of the patron deities of this city, and it played the role of a religious and cultural center. There were such acropolises in many cities, but the most famous one is certainly the one in Athens. This slender ensemble of outstanding works of architecture and sculpture is considered a masterpiece of not only Greek but also world art, a kind of symbol of the greatness of classical Greece.
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The Acropolis began to be built up in the II millennium BC, for a long time it was a fortification of the royal residence. In the 7th-6th centuries BC. There was a lot of construction going on on the Acropolis. Under the tyrant Peisistratus (560-527 BC), a temple of the goddess Athena, Hekatompedon, was built on the site of the royal palace. However, in 480 - 479 years. BC e. During the Greco-Persian wars, the temples of the Acropolis were destroyed by the Persian king Xerxes. This is evidenced in his notes by the "father of history" Herodotus himself. The inhabitants of Athens took an oath to restore the shrines only after the expulsion of enemies from Hellas.
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The architectural project of the new Acropolis was developed at the direction and with the direct participation of the Athenian strategist (commander-in-chief) and the leader of democracy, Pericles, who, after the conclusion of a truce with Sparta, got the opportunity to start arranging the capital. The construction itself began in 447 BC and continued for 18 years under the guidance of his friend Phidias, the greatest of Greek sculptors, who apparently was the author of the project that formed the basis of the entire complex, its architectural and sculptural appearance. 5th century BC - the heyday of the ancient Greek policies. Athens is turning into the largest political and Cultural Center Hellas. In the history of ancient Greece, this time is commonly called the "Golden Age of Athens". This is the reign of the leader of the Athenian democracy, Pericles.
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Phidias (490 - ca. 430 BC) - an ancient Greek sculptor and architect, one of the greatest artists of the high classic period. Friend of Pericles. Pericles (494-429 BC) - Athenian statesman, famous orator and commander, one of the "founding fathers" of Athenian democracy, Friend of Phidias.
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The ensemble of the Acropolis consisted of several structures organically connected with each other.
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The sacred road, along which the procession of the Athenians moved from the Athenian market - the agora - to the Acropolis during the holiday in honor of the goddess, first leads to the Propylaea - the “Gateway”. This is the gate of the Acropolis. A section of the road leading to the Acropolis, without steps, so that sacrificial animals could be led along it. Built according to the project of Mnesicles, in 437-432. BC. it was supposed to become an architectural preface to the Parthenon, with its power and harmony to create a solemn mood for those ascending the Acropolis.
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To the right of the Propylaea, on the slope of the cliff, there was the most elegant and miniature temple of the goddess of victory, Nike Apteros (Athena Nike), the creation of the architect Kallikrates, created in 427-424 BC. The building was a marble amphiprostyle (9.56 x6.8 m) with two Ionic porticos of four columns on a three-stage pedestal. The temple was surrounded on all sides by a sculptural frieze ribbon, which depicted episodes of the struggle between the Greeks and the Persians and the Olympic gods (Athena, Zeus, Poseidon).
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Inside the temple there was an unpreserved sculpture of Athena Nike, according to eyewitnesses, depicted with a helmet in one hand and a pomegranate fruit, a symbol of the victorious world, in the other. Nika was portrayed as a beautiful woman with large wings: victory is fickle and flies from one opponent to another. The Athenians portrayed her as wingless so that she would not leave the city, which had so recently won a great victory over the Persians. Deprived of wings, the goddess could no longer fly and had to remain forever in Athens.
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Having passed through the Propylaea, the procession ended up on a large square where an eight-meter statue of Athena the Warrior, cast in bronze by Phidias, towered. She was the center of the whole ensemble, the brilliance of her spear, reflecting the sun's rays, was seen from afar from the sea. Version appearance Athens Promachos archaeologist Linfert, 1982
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The Parthenon is the main temple of Ancient Athens and a magnificent monument of ancient architecture, erected in honor of the patroness of Athens and all of Attica, the goddess Athena. White Pentelian marble was also used for the construction of the temple. The construction of the Parthenon was carried out in 447-428 BC under the leadership of the architects Iktin and his assistant Kallikrat. The famous ancient Greek sculptor Phidias was engaged in artistic design.
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Inside the temple stood a statue of Athena Parthenos, made by the sculptor Phidias, in 438 BC. e. The statue of Athena is made of ivory and gold on a wooden frame. The height of the statue is 13 meters. Athena is depicted in full growth in a tunic to the very feet. The helmet of the goddess had three crests (middle with a sphinx, side with griffins). On the chest is the head of Medusa made of ivory. In her hand, the goddess held a two-meter statue of the goddess of victory Nike. In the dark space of the Parthenon, this statue seemed to radiate a magical light. The statue has survived only in copies.
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A bomb hit the Parthenon, and it turned into ruins, ruins that can still be seen in Athens. The day of the destruction of the Parthenon (September 26, 1687) is still considered a day of national mourning in Greece. The fate of the Parthenon is tragic, during one of the many wars between the Greeks and the Turks in the 17th century, the Turks set up a storehouse of gunpowder in the beautiful temple.
Architectural ensemblethe Athenian Acropolis Pericles
After the Greco-Persian Wars
the rise of Athens.
At the head of them at this time was Pericles.
He was a highly educated man
universally recognized
leader
Athenian
democracy.
Pericles united the best
the minds of Hellas: his friends were a philosopher
Anaxagoras,
artist
Polykleitos
And
sculptor Phidias
In 443 BC Athenians for the first time
elected him to the highest position in
your policy.
Then he was re-elected 15 more times.
Pericles was an outstanding statesman and patriot. He
devoted all his energy and time to the care of Athens and its citizens. He was
honest and disinterested.
He was famous as a wonderful orator (possessed eloquence - the art of
speak correctly and persuasively). Pericles made several changes to
administration of the Athens polis, in
the rights of citizens.
Thus, he continued the reforms
Solon.
Under Pericles in Athens, finally
democracy was established. Under Pericles in Athens are built
temples, public buildings,
fortifications. Athens has turned
at the very beautiful city Greece.
Construction has provided jobs for many
Greeks. Supervised the construction
acropolis
("fortress")
architect and sculptor Phidias,
friend of Pericles.
Athens Acropolis
stood on high
sheer cliff,
towering on
150 m above level
seas.
He was
compositional
downtown,
spread out at his
foot Phidias
Phidias' childhood and youth passed during the years of the Greco-Persian
war. He devoted almost all his creative activity to
the creation of monuments glorifying the motherland and its heroes. WITH
460 BC Phidias began to work in Athens. This
city-state, advanced Greek slave
republic, center of Greek culture, occupied during the war
leading place and became in 478 BC the head
Athenian Maritime Union.
Government leadership
of Athens
states
played
vigorous
And
influential
political
doer
strategist
Pericles. Considering that Athens has the right
thanks to
his
position
hegemon
Greek
states
manage the federal treasury
Pericles decided to use these
funds for the restoration of the city and
Acropolis. compositional
design
ensemble
acropolis
tied
With
Panathenaic celebrations and the procession of the Athenians to the Acropolis.
On the last day of the Great Panathenaic, celebrated once every 4
year, a solemn procession of citizens of the city brought Athena
a sacred veil (peplos) woven by the hands of Athenian girls.
This gift was a sign of the resurrection of the goddess Athena.
The holiday was accompanied by equestrian and gymnastic competitions,
competitions of singers and musicians.
The procession rose from the lower city, which lies at the foot of
Acropolis, to the very top of the hill, passing through:
- Propylaea,
- Pinakothek
- Temple of Nike Apteros
- past the monumental statue of Athena Promachos, towering in
the center of the square,
- and the temple of the Erechtheion -
- to the majestic Parthenon (temple of Athena Parthenos). Propylaea
Propylaea is a solemn, main entrance
It was built by the architect Mnesicles in 437-432 BC.
They are two Doric porticoes, one of which faces the city, and
the other is to the top of the Acropolis
To the left of the propylaea adjoined the Pinakothek - an art gallery in which
paintings, memorial marble slabs and dedications to
gods The outer and inner facades are six-columned Doric
porticos. Statue of Athena Promachos
(warriors)
After passing the Propylaea, we get to
the top of a flattened rock,
turned into a square
IN
center
area
towered a huge 17-meter bronze statue
Athens
Promachos,
patron of Athens
and the Greek people. harsh
and the formidable goddess of the right
hand rests on a spear, and
She held a shield with her left. This
the statue was clearly visible from
all sides of the city, and even from
seas
Now the area is empty, because. statue
destroyed in the 13th century. superstitious
crusader knights Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless)
The temple has four Ionic columns on both ends;
architrave, and the frieze above it is decorated with a relief with scenes of mythological and
historical battles. To the right of the Propylaea was
tiny, delicate, light
temple
Nicky
Apteros
(wingless) - the goddess of Victory
It was built by Callicrates in 427424 BC.
Inside
temple
was
wingless statue of the goddess.
There is a famous legend, according to
which this goddess brought
victory for the Greeks over the Persians
then the inhabitants of the city
I wanted to part with her.
Depicting her wingless, they
considered that the goddess is already
can never leave them
city. Parthenon
The composition of the Acropolis is based on the principle of asymmetry, the principle
free panorama. Therefore, the statue of Athena was placed to the left of the main axis
Prypilei, and the famous Parthenon was shifted to the right
Parthenon temple dedicated to Athena
Parthenos (virgin)
Built by architects Iktin
and Callicrates (when supervising
Phidias general concept
buildings on the Acropolis).
Built in golden pink
pentelli marble,
changing its hue
depending on time of day and
degree of illumination. According to its plan, the Parthenon is a Doric peripter - 8x17 columns
10.5 m high. The temple is harmonious, thanks to the unification in it
properties of two orders - Doric and Ionic
The outer columns were of the Doric order, the walls proper
templecells crowned by a continuous Ionic frieze Like all Greek buildings, the Parthenon is relatively low: a person looking
to the temple, I felt taller and broader in the shoulders, the dimensions of the building did not
pressed, did not belittle him.
In the Parthenon there is not a single strictly horizontal or strictly vertical
lines. Lines of cornices, steps, columns - everything is a little bit, imperceptible to the eye,
curved to suit human vision. Thanks to this viewer
all lines appear to be perfectly correct.
At first glance, it seems that all the columns of the Parthenon are the same and stand each other.
from each other at an equal distance. In fact, the spans between them
imperceptibly to the eye increase towards the center.
The thickness of the columns is also different. You probably noticed that there are trees against the background of the sky
and other objects seem much thinner than they really are - the light seems to
"eats" volume. To overcome this impression, the corner columns
The Parthenons, which loom against the sky, are slightly more massive than those that
visible against the wall.
And the columns are not standing straight: they are slightly tilted inward, towards the walls of the building,
to appear taller and leaner. Parthenon Features:
- building it on the highest part
Acropolis;
- Precisely calculated three-quarter view
this temple from the Propylaea;
- a combination of masculinity and
femininity: Doric colonnade and
Ionic frieze;
- orientation of the Parthenon - entrance from
east side, altar - from the west;
- the need to bypass the temple to enter
him;
- dispute between Athena and Poseidon for supremacy:
the theme of the reliefs of the western pediment;
- the theme of the reliefs of the eastern pediment:
birth of Athena from the head of Zeus
- battle of lipifs (giants) with centaurs on
metopach
- Panathenaic frieze - solemn
procession Inside the building is divided into two equal parts. The treasury was kept in the west wing
Athenian Maritime Union, and in the eastern part on a high pedestal melted
famous statue of Athena Parthenos
Athena Parthenos is the last statue by Phidias. He worked on it for 10 years.
The height of the statue is 12 meters. It had a wooden base covered with gold and
ivory
On the head of Athena was a helmet with the image of a sphinx and winged horses, on the chest
- aegis with the mask of Medusa Gargona. In her right hand she held a two-meter
the goddess Nike, and on the left - a shield. On the shield on the outside was depicted
the battle of the Greeks with the Amazons. At the feet of Athena, an owl is a symbol of wisdom, and on the left is a snake,
personifying Erechtheus - the most ancient deity of Attica. Majestically
the flowing folds of her clothes resembled the grooves of slender flute columns
In the 5th c. AD the statue of Athena was taken to Constantinople by one Byzantine emperor,
and there, 100 years later, she died in a fire Satuya
was
completed
V
chrysoelephantine technique (gold and
Ivory). The navigator Pausanias
describes her in her guidebook as follows:
Athena is made of ivory and gold...
The statue depicts her in full growth in a tunic
to the very feet, she has a head on her chest
Ivory jellyfish, in her hand she
holding a picture of Nike, approx.
four cubits, and in the other hand a spear. IN
at her feet lies a shield, and near the spear is a snake;
this snake is probably Erichthonius.
The helmet of the goddess had three crests (middle
sphinx, lateral with griffins). As writes
Pliny the Elder, on the outside of the shield
the battle with the Amazons was minted, on
internal - the struggle of the gods with the giants, and on
Athena's sandals had a picture
centauromachia.
Base
was
decorated
history with Pandora. On marble copies
the hand of the goddess with Nika is supported by a pillar,
whether it existed in the original - subject
numerous discussions. Nika seems
tiny, actually her height
was 2 meters.
Athena Parthenos Phidias did not cast Athena in bronze or carve it in white Pentelian marble.
Thousands of ivory plates were skillfully fitted to a wooden base.
so that it seemed as if the head and hands of the great goddess were carved from one piece
this precious and noble material. The yellowish bone looked
snowy white due to the contrast with the helmet and robe of the goddess from chased
gold. Athena's round shield was also gold. On the shield, Phidias presented scenes
the battles of the Greeks with warlike Amazon women. He drew dozens
figures: Greek warriors and legendary female warriors. And in the center it was possible
see a bald old man lifting a stone with his hands. This is Phidias himself.
The government of Athens considered this
audacity
And
Start
judicial
persecution of the sculptor.
Portrait of Phidias on a shield. Detail of the shield of Athena Parthenos. Athena Parthenos, shield, reconstruction Outside, the Parthenon was decorated with scenes of fierce battles (from mythological
stories)
The internal relief frieze of the Parthenon went around the entire building. On the marble
ribbon 160 meters long and 1 meter high depicted a solemn
procession of the inhabitants of Athens on the day of the Great Panathenaic
In terms of harmony, fusion of forms and beauty of rhythm, he had no equal in
world art. Western pediment of the Parthenon, reconstruction, Athena dispute with Poseidon Western pediment, Athena and Poseidon (near Athena's olive tree and salt spring
Poseidon) East pediment, in the center are Zeus on the throne and Athena in full
weapons that had just jumped out of Zeus's head. Metopes of the Parthenon:
On the metopes there were reliefs depicting the battles of centaurs with lapiths, and on
frieze depicted the procession of the Panathenaic holiday: girls in long
garments carrying sacrificial vessels, young men on horseback and in chariots,
priests; seated deities awaiting the arrival of the procession, and so on. Combination
rigor of style and architectural conditions with naturalness and freshness of figures,
their naivety and seriousness give these works of the school of Phidias a character
hills. Comparing them with the sculptures of the previous time, one must
marvel at the liveliness of the figures on them. They are a reproduction of free movements
of people. All characters are expressed in these works with the greatest simplicity and
naivety; all movements are relaxed and graceful, all the details of each
poses are true to nature. Plastic here is completely freed from the motionless
symmetry and rigidity of archaic antiquity. Erechtheion
The Erechtheion is a small Ionic temple built in 421-405 BC.
The temple is dedicated to the goddess Athena, the god Poseidon and the mythical king Erechtheus.
According to legend, it was here that a dispute took place between Athena and Poseidon for the right to
own Attica.
Capital of modern Greece
according to ancient myth,
got its name from
the name of an ancient pagan
goddesses. She argued with
Poseidon
behind
right
patronize
ancient Greek city.
In the place where Poseidon
struck with great force
trident to the ground, and Athena
Pallas showed the townspeople
beautiful olive tree,
And
was
built
Temple
Erechtheion. The composition of the temple is very complex. It is built on an uneven platform of rocky
slope, has three completely different in size and shape of the portico.
Each facade is unique in its own way. This is because the temple
glorified not one pagan god and not one Athenian king. Western
the facade of the Temple of the Erechtheion is (more correctly, was) the tomb of the king
Kekrop, who - according to legend - was a snake man.
From the western side
facade and grew the same
famous
olive
the tree that showed
Athena Pallas.
Moreover, it grows in
real
moment,
Truth,
divine
origin it is already
does not have: he was imprisoned
restorers at the beginning
20th century. From whichever side we approach this temple, from everywhere it meets us
new, unexpected composition of the facade, asymmetry of corners
In one of the porticos, the role of the columns is performed by the bark - the figures of girls
Statues of caryatids are organically combined with architecture. They perform
constructive role, replacing the columns, and at the same time look great
against the background of the marble wall of the temple. The ingenuity of Greek artists created a very special form,
which has since been widely used. Instead of columns there were
sculptured human figures. Caryatid - sculptural
image of a beautiful girl in the form of a standing female figure, which
serves as a beam support in the building. Male figures performing similar
functions are called Atlantes (they are not in the Erechtheion).
Atlant
V
ancient Greek
mythology - titan,
rebellious
against
gods for what was
punished by duty
support the heavenly
vault.
Charter, Atlas asked
Perseus turn him off
help
heads
Jellyfish to stone and become
Mount Atlas. Theater of Dionysus
(capacity - 17000
people) Theater of Dionysus - an ancient theater building on the southeast slope
the Athenian Acropolis. It is one of the most ancient theaters in the world. The theater was
built in the 5th century. BC e. and was made of wood. Theater performances were
twice a year - during Lesser Dionysia and Great Dionysia.
Around 326-325 BC e. the theater was reconstructed: a wooden stage and rows
seats were replaced with marble ones. Stone seats were placed in 67
rows, reaching the base of the Acropolis. The theater now accommodated up to 17 thousand spectators,
which at the time was about half of Athenian citizens.
Due to its huge size, the theater was deprived of roofing, and therefore
actors, choir and spectators were located in the open air, and the stage
The action took place in natural light.
The first row consisted of 67 marble chairs for honorary spectators. On them
the names and positions of the owners were carved.