Found a lot of interesting information on the site. Not only on this issue, but also on the history of the surroundings of Dubna. Thank you for this opportunity!
I have been attracted to these places for a long time, since we have a dacha on the Bolshaya Volga and every summer we try to walk a little in the area, trying to find a moment of touching history. They found old broken shovels in the depths on the bank of the canal, dug pieces of rails with strange numbers, as the locals said, they marked the burial places of the unfortunate builders of the canal.
But this is a lyrical digression, and I wanted to ask you a question. In a conversation with an acquaintance, the German diplomat Herbertstein was mentioned, in whose description there was allegedly a mention of the Yanuga River, on which the city of Klin stands. And, allegedly, this river is now called Sister. Moreover, the renaming of Yanuga to Sestra is the desire of the Russians to hide the traces of Finno-Ugric place names. That is, honest Herbertstein described what he saw and heard, and dishonest Russians eventually rewrote both history and geographical names.
The reference to the Yamugu River, which flows nearby, does not bother the narrator at all, on the contrary, he finds confirmation of his words in this, reminding that there are rivers with very, very similar names all the time, and that the unfortunate Yanuga was renamed Sister, since she is very similar to their neighbor Yanuga (but for some reason they left Yanuga as it is).
In principle, this story cannot be of interest to a serious researcher due to the obvious "far-fetchedness" and I did not want to puzzle you with it. The fact that the name of the Sestra River has nothing to do with relatives I knew before and found serious confirmation of this on your site.
I have not read Herbertstein and could not find his notes on the Internet, only very rare references to him. But here is what cannot leave me indifferent and what is my question: how much can you trust the notes of foreigners when studying the history of your native land?
Without detracting from the dignity and scholarship of foreign descriptions of Muscovy, I would like to understand whether it is really possible to rely on their testimonies, as on the testimonies of an eyewitness who saw everything with his own eyes and described what he saw? And where were the eyes of Russian eyewitnesses in those days? Did they not need it? Or is there nothing left of them?
We, unfortunately, have very few historical sources available (or there is such a feeling instilled by studying history at school), where and how to look for information?
If I wasted your time, I apologize. Anyway, thanks for a very interesting site!
Sincerely, Elena
The answer to the question about the sister
Thank you very much for your attention to our site and appreciation of our work. We assure you that in the near future "Heritage" will be filled with new no less interesting historical and local history information. Regarding your question, the following can be said. Notes of foreigners who visited Russia in the 16th-17th centuries have always been considered by Russian historical science as one of the historical sources, which contains information about the socio-economic development of the country, its political system, as well as about the life, customs and mores of the Muscovites. The notes of Sigismund Herberstein are no exception in this series.
However, it should be noted that descriptions of foreign travelers, as representatives of a different socio-cultural environment and scientific ideas of that time, should not be absolutized. Foreigners, as a rule, did not critically analyze the information they heard, and therefore they often recorded fiction in the form of true historical facts in their works. The names of the Yamuga and Yanuga rivers are clearly of Finno-Ugric origin. By the way, their similar names confirm a certain toponymic pattern: hydronyms located geographically in the same area or originating from the same source have the same name (compare Sister and Sturgeon).
It seems to me that the renaming of one of the Finno-Ugric rivers into Sestra is a beautiful legend that existed at that time. Those. The "folk etymology" of the river turned out to be the focus of attention of a medieval German diplomat and, with his light hand, made the descendants of local historians think about it.
Your question about the origin of the name of the Sestra River is extremely curious, since it raises one of the little-studied topics in the historical geography of Dubna and its environs. It is known that hydronyms - i.e. the names of the rivers are among the most ancient in their etymology.
In our area, specialists in historical toponymy distinguish three historical layers of hydronyms, which successively replace each other: Baltic, Finno-Ugric and Slavic. A number of researchers attribute the name of the river Sestra to the Baltic origin (the basis of "stra" is a stream, to flow by analogy with Istra, Sturgeon, etc.), and some others to Finno-Ugric. But the question is not completely clear and lies in the discussion plane.
Best regards, Heritage Foundation
Hello!
During this time, I just managed to go on a short vacation in the country, on the Big Volga. We tried to find Korcheva, according to some sources, not the whole city was flooded and part of it remained on the shore. There is now the House of the Fisherman. I understand that the city itself is no more, all the buildings except this house have been demolished, but it was still very interesting to find this place. Unfortunately, nothing worked out for us, we couldn’t drive along the road from Konakovo, we didn’t reach some three / four kilometers, we got into a real swamp in the forest, although we were driving an UAZ. Is this path really the only road to the Korcheva tract?
There were a lot of abandoned churches in this part of the Tver region. Very beautiful, surprisingly large, but in a terrible state ... It was a pity to look at them. Probably these places no longer belong to Dubna, but if it might be interesting for your site, I could send you pictures of those places.
Thanks again for your reply. Good luck with your project! He is very needed.
Sincerely, Elena
In the preface to the book by V.S. Yudin "Our Klinsky Land" R. Khokhlov writes:
"Arose in the middle reaches of the Sestra, Klin for a long time remained away from the main routes, at the same time playing a (rather, suffering) role of a kind of" buffer "fortified city in more than two centuries of struggle between Moscow and Tver. According to the Sestra and its tributaries the process of settlement of the Klin region was going on in its "prehistoric" period.According to archaeological and toponymic data, before the arrival of the Slavs here (which happened no earlier than the 10th century), the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes were the autochthonous population of the region (mainly known from chronicles tribe "golyad"). The first left a mark on the map of the region, in particular, in the hydronyms Sestra, etc., the second - in the ethnonym Golyadi. Far from the only name of the river Sestra on the map of Russia, according to experts in the field of toponymy, occurs from the Finnish "Sistar-oy" (in modern Finnish "-yoki") and means "Blackcurrant River."
Sister - the main river of the city and the region - flows from Lake Senezh. Here is what the author of the book, Valentin Stepanovich Yudin, writes about her:
"It is very winding, it passes through thickets of bushes, leaving the expanse of fields and meadows. The upper reaches of the Sestra are located in hilly places. Therefore, there are many fast rifts along the river. Today, on the path of the Sister, there are remains of old dams, bridges that once existed in these memorable Old-timers remember that 50 years ago, on the Sestra River and many other Klin rivers, almost every village or village had mill dams with large ponds in which fish, crayfish, birds were found ... Mill ponds had a beneficial effect on the water regime many local springs, streams, rivers, which provided with their water the full flow of large rivers ... Later, in the Klin environs, due to mismanagement and negligence, almost all ponds disappeared ... dams left, rotted on the rivers ... Flood waters, ice drift finished them off destroying ponds... There were no fish, crayfish, grasses became coarse, the fertility of fields and meadows decreased. The waters rush past them in torrents. After the flood, the rivers became shallow, turned into streams, or even completely dried up.
These are the results of the activities of the collective-farm socialist system, which raged like an apocalypse for 70 years on the Russian Land, and its follower, the liberal-democratic swindler, who has been plundering the country's natural resources for a quarter of a century and not linking his fate with the fate of Russia. 
Sister(Raya-joki, Swedish Systerbäck, Finnish Rajajoki, Siestarjoki) - a river in the Leningrad region, a basin.
The source of the Sestra River is located in the swamps of the Lembolovskaya Upland in the Vyborgsky District of the Leningrad Region, just south of the small farm Lesnoye (Rakhio). It flows from the north into the Sestroretsky Razliv, where the river also flows. Previously, the mouth of the Sestra was in the Gulf of Finland north of Sestroretsk, where the mouth of the Malaya Sestra is currently. In 1817, the riverbed was diverted towards this city for the needs of the Sestroretsk arms factory.
The length of the Sestra River is 74 kilometers, the catchment area is 399 km2. The total fall of the river is 143.2 meters, the slope is 1.9 m / km. The average flow velocity is 0.3 m/sec.
The floodplain of the Sestra river is discontinuous, its average width is about 10-20 meters. In the upper and middle reaches, many sections with a depth of 0.4-0.7 meters are available for fording. In the lower reaches, the depth in some places reaches 3 meters.
Settlements.
In the Vyborgsky District, on the banks of the Sestra River, there are the settlements of Mainilo, Leninskoye, the cottage settlements of Repinskaya Usadba, Sestroretsky. On the territory of the Vsevolozhsk district on the left bank there is a garden partnership Beloostrov. On the right bank of the river are the villages of Repino and Beloostrov, which are part of the Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg.
Driveways.
The Sestra River is most accessible in the lower reaches. The northern section of the Primorskoye Highway running from St. Petersburg runs along the estuarine section. From Sestroretsk to Beloostrov, the Sestroretsk Highway runs along the river. Slightly upstream, the Sestra is crossed by the Vyborgskoe highway, which is continued by the M-10, E-18 "Scandinavia" highway, which re-crosses the river near the village of Mainilo in parallel with the A-122 road.
Getting to the upper and middle reaches of the Sestra River is a bit more difficult. But if you wish, you can find a forest or dirt road.
main tributaries.
Six main tributaries flow into the Sestra River, of which the left ones are the Samenskaya River, the Pastorsky and Serebryany streams, and the right ones are the Lublinka River, the Dubensky and (Schuchy) Lesnoy streams.
The Lublinka River connects Sestra with Lake Lublin. The Shchuchy Stream originates in the Shchuchye Lake, connecting first with the Black Stream, and then with the Lesnoy River flows into the river near the southern outskirts of the village of Leninskoye.
At 8.5 kilometers from the mouth of the Sestra River within the boundaries of the village of Beloostrov, the Pastorsky stream flows into it, having a length of 10 kilometers and originating from Pastorsky Lake. A little lower, 6.4 kilometers from the mouth, also in Beloostrov, Serebryany Stream flows into Sestra.
Relief and soils.
The basin of the Sestra River is located in the central part of the Karelian Isthmus. In the north, the upper reaches of the river flow along the Lembolovskaya Upland. The territory on which the Sister collects its waters has an elongated shape from north to south with a basin length of 31 kilometers and an average width of 12 kilometers. The maximum width is 20 kilometers.
From the west, the Sestra basin is separated from neighboring basins by hills and ridges. In other areas, the watershed boundary runs mainly through flat terrain, sometimes swampy. The decrease in the heights of the basin from 179.5 meters of the Baltic height system in the northern part to 10-20 meters in the lower reaches of the river occurs smoothly. Ground rocks are mainly represented by Cambrian clays and sandstones, which are topped with Quaternary sediments. Soils in the Sestra basin are predominantly sandy loam, less often loamy, peaty formations are very common.
The valley of the river Sestra has a trapezoidal shape with an average width of 200-300 meters, in some places it increases to 400-500 meters, the smallest width is about 150 meters. The slopes of the valley are moderately dissected, their average height is 10-15 meters, reaches 32 meters, the minimum is 6 meters. Along the channel at the foot of the slopes there are a large number of springs, indicating abundant outflows of groundwater.
Vegetation.
Coniferous and mixed forests grow in the Sestra River basin. In the upper reaches of the Lembolovo Upland, mainly spruce-alder, in the middle reaches pine and spruce-pine, in the lower reaches spruce-birch. In swampy areas, vegetation is characteristic of swamps in places with thickets of alder. Forests occupy 54% of the basin area. The swampiness is 8%. The swamps in the catchment area are mostly small, raised type, they are mainly located in the northern part of the basin.
hydrological regime.
High water on the Sestra River, on average, occurs from the first days of April to the end of May. Nutrition occurs mainly due to precipitation. The share of snow supply is 44%, rain - 31%, due to groundwater - 25%. The zone of the Karelian Isthmus is characterized by excessive moisture. With an average annual rainfall of 770 millimeters, land evaporation is 425 millimeters.
The average annual water flow in the Sestra River, 5.7 kilometers from the mouth, is 4.13 m³/sec. Drainage module 10.6 l/s with km². The lake content of the basin is about 0.9%.
The discontinuous floodplain of the river has a width of 10-20 meters, at bends the distance sometimes increases to 50-100 meters. The bed of the Sestra River is highly winding. In the upper reaches, on a stretch of about 4 kilometers, the river is periodically overgrown with marsh plants. The coasts are steep and steep. The average width of the river is 5-10 meters, on the stretches it spills up to 15-20 meters. In the backwater zone from the Sestroretsky Razliv reservoir, at the mouth section about 4 kilometers long, the width of the river is about 40-50 meters.
Sister rapids river. The average flow velocity of 0.3 m/s at the rapids, which occur every 2-5 kilometers, reaches 0.7-1.5 m/s. The bottom of the river bed is sandy with pebbles. On the rapids it is rocky, composed of boulders, stones and pebbles.
Ichthyofauna.
Trout, grayling, perch, pike, roach, ruff, dace and other fish are found in the Sestra River.
Tourism and rest.
The lower course of the Sestra River is located in the Kurortny district of the city of St. Petersburg, whose name speaks for itself. On the banks of the river there are summer cottages and cottage settlements. Here it does not attract much attention of fishermen. In the upper reaches, the Sestra is little visited due to the lack of good access roads and settlements. Which may indicate a great opportunity to catch pike, trout or grayling.
Reference Information.
Title: Sister
Length: 74 km
Basin area: 399 km²
Pool: Baltic Sea
Water consumption: 4.13 m³/sec. (5.7 km from the mouth)
Slope: 1.9‰
Forest cover: 54%
Wetness: 8%
Pool lake content: 0.9%
Source: Lembolovskaya Upland, Vyborgsky District, Leningrad Region
Height above sea level: 150 m
Coordinates:
Latitude: 60°21′32.4″N
Longitude: 30°4′23.8″E
Mouth: Sestroretsky Razliv, city of Sestroretsk, Kurortny district of St. Petersburg
Height above sea level: 6.8 m
Coordinates:
Latitude: 60°6′21.7″N
Longitude: 29°59′10.3″E
Districts of the Moscow region, as well as in the Konakovo district of the Tver region. The largest left tributary of the Dubna (in the Volga basin). It originates in Lake Senezh, in the lower reaches it flows under the channel named after. Moscow. The city of Klin is located on the Sestra.
Historical reference
At the beginning of the XIX century. Senezhskoye Lake was created to provide the Ekaterininsky Canal with a sufficient amount of water. Its area is 17 sq. km. From northeast to southwest it stretches for 4 km, and from northwest to southeast for 6 km. The length of the coastline is 22 km. Before the formation of Lake Senezh, there already existed a small lake of glacial origin with an area of 65 hectares. This is a lake on the Mazikha (the left tributary of the Sestra River) became part of the newly formed Lake Senezh. The shores of the lake are quite low. Only on the eastern shore is a high ridge that gives the lake a picturesque view. No wonder the shores of the lake have long been chosen by artists. The great Russian landscape painter Isaac Ilyich Levitan (1840 - 1900) in 1898. worked on sketches in these places, which served as the basis for his last major work “Lake. Rus.", which is stored in the Russian Museum of St. Petersburg
About the river
The main river of the Klinsky district. Sister - the left tributary of the river. Dubna, which is the right tributary of the river. Volga (flows into the Volga River near Dubna). The Sestra River begins as a small stream in a forest ravine in the Solnechnogorsk region. Not far, to the east of it originates a large river of Central Russia - Klyazma (length - 647 km), on which the ancient city of Vladimir, which was the capital of medieval Rus', is located. Due to the fact that the area where these rivers originate is part of a military training ground, it is not possible to examine the origins in detail. Before flowing into Lake Senezh, the Sestra River passes through a network of small reservoirs.
The Sestra River flows into the lake from the east side, and flows out from the north, where the lock is located, which regulates the water level. A hydroelectric power station has recently been restored, the energy generated by it is used to light the hydroelectric complex. Previously, small hydroelectric power plants blocked Sestra in the area of Sinkovo, Akatiev, Belozerok, Maidanovo, etc. The depth of the lake at the very foot of the dam is 5.5 m. Most of the lake has a depth of 2 m. The swamping process is especially active at the confluence of rivers and streams. There are perch, pike, crucian carp, roach and other fish in the Senezhsky lake. In the past there was regular commercial fishing. And in the 1950s - 1960s, a small steamer "Chernyakhovsky" sailed on the lake.
After leaving the lake of the Senezhsky river. The sister makes her way through a network of ponds where fish are bred and raised. In the floodplain of the river near the village of Sergeevka there is a unique Lake Bezdonnoe - a natural monument. It is small but very deep. A rare plant grows there - Water chestnut - Chilim. Many legends are associated with this unique lake, one of which was recorded by A.A. Blok, who often passes along the Tarakanovskoye Highway. In the floodplain of the river you can find the remains of the Ekaterinovsky Canal, somewhere in the form of a dry dam, somewhere filled with water. Sometimes the river valley is swampy, passes through small lake-like peat expansions, sometimes its valley narrows sharply and becomes so narrow that the trees growing along the banks almost cover the river with their crowns.
The floodplain of the Sestra River is extremely picturesque, especially in the area of the villages of Sergeevka, Sinkovo and the city of Klin. Dams were built on the river in Akatiev, Belozerki. There are 4 of them on the territory of Klin. A new hydroelectric complex in the 3rd microdistrict of the city made it possible to create a large water bowl favorable for recreation and fishing (the Klin Sea). After the village Maidanovo Sister enters the meadow space of the Upper Volga lowland. Its course is calm and unhurried. Only behind the Slobodsky bridge there is a dangerous rift, similar to rapids. The banks become low and featureless. In the Dmitrovsky district, the large river Yakhroma flows into the Sestra. The river doubles in size and represents a serious obstacle for those wishing to cross to the other side. Locals use boats as after Ust-Pristan there are no more bridges across the river. In the lower reaches, its waters and motor boats plow.
Not far from its mouth, the river Sestra meets on its way the channel named after. Moscow. To pass the water of the river, a forty-meter concrete tunnel was built, passing under the canal perpendicular to it. Motor ships and barges slowly sail along a wide channel, and under them the river carries its waters. Sister. Channel them. Moscow was built in the thirties of the XX century. mostly prisoners of the Gulag. Here you can see the fruits of the gigantic hard work of the prisoners. Having merged with the Dubna River, Mother Volga takes the waters of the Sister after 11 km. This area, rare in beauty, was called the Ratminskaya arrow, on which the temple is located.
Galaktionov Yakov, Kryuchkov Andrey, 6th grade students
“Three things a person can contemplate endlessly: flowing water, burning fire and floating clouds”
It is impossible to overestimate the economic importance of rivers. Our region is not usually rich in various types of fresh water: rivers and lakes, groundwater. At present, in a number of regions of the country, there is an alarming situation associated with a lack of water or a deterioration in its quality. It is necessary to constantly fight against pollution and depletion of fresh waters. Already, the cost of maintaining and reproducing water quality ranks first among all human costs for nature protection, and the total cost of fresh water is much higher than the cost of any other type of raw material used.
The purpose of this project is to study the modern use of fresh waters of the Sestra River in the economic and cultural life of people, as well as to assess the environmental situation and ways to solve it.
Download:
Preview:
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE ADMINISTRATION
KLIN MUNICIPAL DISTRICT
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION -
SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL POS. TCHAIKOVSKY
MOU-SOSH pos. Tchaikovsky
Project theme
The Sestra River is the main water artery of the Klin region.
Ecological problems
Done by 6th grade students
Galaktionov Yakov Vyacheslavovich
Kryuchkov Andrey Dmitrievich
Head of Tomilin
Nadezhda Borisovna
Geography teacher
2013
Introduction
- Geographical position of the Sestra River.
- Modern use of the Sestra River in the economic and cultural life of people.
- Ways to solve the ecological situation of the Sestra River.
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
The very existence of mankind and the resettlement of people on the planet is directly related to water. At all times, man has sought to rivers and lakes, settled along their banks. What attracted people to them? First of all, rivers are sources of fresh water necessary for drinking and household needs, and sometimes the only means of communication. Rivers and lakes have fed their settlers with fish for thousands of years. And in our time? The desire of people to escape from the reinforced concrete urban jungle to nature, to the beauties of rivers is growing. It is no coincidence that a saying has come down to us from the depths of centuries: “Three things a person can contemplate endlessly: flowing water, burning fire and floating clouds”
It is impossible to overestimate the economic importance of rivers. Our region is not usually rich in various types of fresh water: rivers and lakes, groundwater. At present, in a number of regions of the country, there is an alarming situation associated with a lack of water or a deterioration in its quality. It is necessary to constantly fight against pollution and depletion of fresh waters. Already, the cost of maintaining and reproducing water quality ranks first among all human costs for nature protection, and the total cost of fresh water is much higher than the cost of any other type of raw material used.
The purpose of this project is to study the modern use of fresh waters of the Sestra River in the economic and cultural life of people, as well as to assess the environmental situation and ways to solve it.
Description of the research object. Geographical position.
Historical and cultural information from the territory on which
flows the Sister River.
The main river of the Klin region - Sister flows in the Moscow region. It starts in the Solnechnogorsk region, then along the Klin region and flows into the Dubna River in the Taldom region.
The source of the Sestra River is located not far (1500 meters) from the village of Gigerevo in a deaf ravine. There are coniferous (spruce) forests with an admixture of birch. Until the 60s, the Klyazma River Verkhovye Reserve was located here, not far from the source of the Sestra River - there is also the source of the Klyazma River - to the country's largest water artery. Suffice it to say that the city of Vladimir, the capital of the ancient Russian state, was located on this river.
The Sestra River does not start from a spring, not from a lake, but simply at the bottom of the ravine, water appears and the further downstream, the more water content of the river increases and it flows into the Mazekhinsky Bay of Lake Senezh. Before Lake Senezhskoye, the Sestra River is very winding, passes through thickets of shrubs, leaving on the expanse of fields and meadows. The upper reaches of the Sisters are located in hilly places. Therefore, there are many fast riffles in the course of the river.
After the Sestra River leaves Senezhskoye Lake, it forms another reservoir - a reservoir of fishing significance. Several ponds are located here, which form a network of facilities for growing carp. Usually in the fall, many ponds drain and pour out a large amount of fish, which goes to the shelves of shops not only in Solnechnogorsk, but also in Zelenograd and Moscow. The area here is exceptionally picturesque. The floodplain of the river is quite wide and surrounded by high hills. These hills offer beautiful views into the distance. On the right floodplain bank are the remains of the estate "New". It is significant in that the famous Russian writer, author of the novel "War and Peace" Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy came here.
Then the river flows in front of its first sufficiently large bridge. This is the Tarakanovskoye highway bridge. This highway is interesting because it leads to the famous A.A. Blok Museum-Reserve "Shakhmatovo". A. Blok often drove along the Tarakanovskoye highway and his attention was constantly attracted by the Bottomless Lake, located 300 meters from the village of Sergeevka, in the floodplain of the river. Sisters, on its left bank. After the Tarakanovskoye Highway, the Sestra begins to receive fairly large tributaries and, after the village of Tolstyakovo, turns sharply to the left and now flows not in a northern, but in a western direction. Here the river Rokhtalka flows into it, pure water, which the famous historian of Russia V.N. Tatishchev, the author of “Russian History from Ancient Times”, liked to drink. His estate is located 3 km. from the river on the left bank. In the estate of Boldino, he lived the last years of his life, he died here and was buried in the Christmas churchyard. An interesting marble sarcophagus with an inventory of his biography has been preserved on his grave. On the other, right, bank is the estate of Count Orlov. A magnificent, birch, entrance alley, passing through a chic linden, century-old park, leads to the Orlov estate. After the estate of Orlov, the river enters the aisles of the Klin region. Here the wooded part of the area ends, and the river enters the expanses of meadows. Bizarrely meandering, the river winds its way along a wide floodplain among picturesque meadows. In the area of the village of Berezki, the river is blocked by a dam, and there is good fishing here.
A few kilometers later, the river is again blocked by a large dam already in the aisles of the city of Klin. Then, on the territory of the city, the river is blocked by 3 more dams. Since, after all, the Sestra River is not a very large water artery, the presence of 4 dams in the aisles of the city makes it quite attractive, and makes it possible to use its banks as a recreation area for the city. In the area of the first large dam (it was built in 1997) there is an equipped beach and interesting species of fish are bred for organized fishing. On the second platinum there is a city boat station in the area of the 4th dam there is a beautiful Maidanovsky park. P.I. Tchaikovsky lived here for some time. He liked to walk along the banks of his sister's river, and in winter right on the ice. After Maidanovo, the river flows through the industrial area and, leaving Klin, enters the forest area. Then, from the left, it receives the Yamuga River - the first largest tributary on its way.
Modern use of the Sestra River
in the economic and cultural life of people
The water in the Sestra River is not clean enough to be used for water supply to residents of settlements located along its banks. In Klin, the water supply system operates on the basis of artesian water, which is extracted from underground by drilling wells and pumping with the help of electric pumps.
The water of the Sestra River is used by some state farms for irrigation of farmland, primarily cabbage. There are currently no power stations on the river, although there were some before the Great Patriotic War. But after the destruction, they were no longer restored. Dams on the Sestra River in Akatiev, in Klin, in Maidanovo play the role of maintaining a sufficient water level in the river to help prevent its shallowing. There are fish ponds in Vertlino. On the first dam of the city of Klin, various species of fish are bred. There is a boat station on the second dam. At the service of vacationers Klinchan rent boats for river walks. Here, the banks of the Sestra are surrounded by beautiful birch groves, walks along which are so fond of the Klinchans.
Assessment of the ecological state of the Sestra River.
In the first section, we already mentioned that the Sestra River comes out of the Senezh Lake quite clean. Not without reason, after the lake, the water of the river is used for breeding carp in fish ponds. In the spring, during the flood, individual manure from the farm in the village of Tolotyakovo may enter the river. Local, not large sewage treatment plants dump wastewater from rest houses and camps into the river: "Orlovo", "Akatyevo", "Belozerki", "Sounding voices". However, these small streams of sewage, falling into the river, are diluted with a large amount of water carried by the Sister.
Approaching the city of Klin, the river is quite clean. But the presence of four dams in the area of the city of Klin causes some damage to the river, because. dam water stagnates. In the summer, it is especially dangerous in hot weather - the water begins to bloom.
However, the most significant damage is caused to the river by the confluence of a lime stream from the p / o "Khimvolokno" into it. This association was built in 1932 and was the largest plant in the city of Klin. In previous years, it employed up to 10,000 people. It must be taken into account that this is a chemical production and its wastewater is very dangerous. At present, the p / o "Khimvolokno" practically does not work and there is practically no sewage. During the last survey of the area, the flow of the lime stream (it is so called because lime is used to neutralize the chemical elements of the water that is used in production) it was noted that not so much water is neutralized by the large flow of the river. It is interesting to note that the lime stream flows in the former channel of the Catherine Canal, which at the beginning of the 19th century. used as a ship. This stream flows into the river at the very exit from the city in the area of the so-called Morozovskaya Dacha. Still, not so much water is neutralized by the large flow of the river.
Of course, the storm sewer runoff that runs through the city of Klin causes enormous damage to the river. Oil residues and oil products, which abound on paved roads and car parks, are especially detrimental. We know that the territories of large enterprises, especially motor transport, the land is simply saturated with oil products. It is very painful to see how endless streams flow into the river, on the surface of which rainbow spots glisten.
But it must be said that the greatest damage to the ecology of the Sestra River at the present time is caused by wastewater from the treatment facilities of the city of Klin. From the city to the treatment facilities, which are located on the left bank of the river near the village of Yamuga, there are four large iron pipes. They run straight across the field. The wastewater from the sewerage system of the entire city and the p / o "Khimvolokno" go through them. They are poured into the tank, then flow through the so-called rake, where they undergo a rough cleaning. Then, foaming and agitating, they pour into two large pools, which has a round shape. Here they also undergo weight cleaning. Then the water enters the blower. There are huge electric pumps that pump air. As the air passes through the water, it saturates it with oxygen. Then the water enters the silt sediments. There are beneficial microbes that actively destroy harmful microbes. The wastewater then flows through gutters and makes its way through several settling ponds. After that, they are dumped through a large pipe into the Sestra River. The pipe is located on the high bank of the river. In order not to wash away the coast, a large number of blocks of granite are thrown at the bottom. The spectacle is impressive - it resembles a real waterfall.
It would be great if in our Central Russia there was such an impressive sight. However, the water that enters the river is not clean. Despite the fact that it has come a long way through the treatment facilities, it has a dark cloudy color and an unpleasant smell. Of course, this is no longer the same water that was pumped from the city of Klin. She was freed from mechanical impurities and some chemical elements. It is called conditionally pure, but it is still far from real pure water. It hurts to see how almost the same large stream of water as our sister catfish pours into the river with noise, foam and spray. The river, as it were, eschews this dark water, begins to cling to the right bank, and does not want to connect with this dark, foaming stream. From the top of the hill it is sad to see how the river flows into the distance, divided by sex. The right half is light and clean, while the left half is dark and frothy.
Downstream, the foam disappears from the surface of the water and the water becomes homogeneous, but this water is muddy and not pleasant.
We know that below the discharge line of conditionally clean water from the treatment facilities of the city of Klin, the Sestra River flows through the meadow floodplain. Before the river is crossed by the Sloboda bridge, the river Lutosnya flows into it from the right. This river even exceeds the Sestra River in its length, but it carries somewhat less water. The water in the Lutosnya River is quite clean, it even contains crayfish. Despite the fact that such a large tributary as the Lutosnya dilutes the dirty waters of the Sestra River, it does not become an attractive river. As reported in the newspaper "Hammer and Sickle", right up to the confluence with the Yakhroma River, the Sestra River represents a zone of ecological disaster. There is no fishing or swimming here.
Ways to solve the ecological situation of the river. sisters
In 2008, the Klin decision of the Council of Deputies of the Klin municipal district approved the program "Integrated development of water supply and sanitation systems in the city of Klin and the Klin municipal district for 2008-2014". Which was signed by the Head of the district A.N. Cut your hair.
In this program, it was noted that the city's wastewater treatment facilities are located in the area of the village of Yamuga and are designed to receive wastewater in the amount of 30.0 thousand cubic meters. m/day The average daily water withdrawal in the city of Klin is 32.4 thousand cubic meters. m/day Thus, the sewage treatment plants are overloaded. Currently, a feasibility study has been developed for the technical re-equipment of treatment facilities. Overhaulsludge maps and modernization of the CMO at the city sewage treatment plant in the city of Klin. Designing a disinfection plant Wastewater Klin. The sewerage system of the city of Klin includes urban sewage treatment facilities, a gravity-pressure sewerage network, and sewer pumping stations. 154.5 million rubles were allocated for the reconstruction of the sewerage system in this program.
Conclusion
Having studied the geographical position of the Sestra River, familiarized with the modern use of the fresh water of the river in the economic and cultural life of people, assessing the environmental situation, we can conclude that at present the use and pollution of fresh water has reached such a level that it is necessary to apply urgent measures.
Rivers - one of the main sources of fresh water, life arteries for man. Life itself! But they, like a person, have their own habits, the rhythm of life. Therefore, it is so important to study and know the rivers in order to live in harmony with them.
Literature
- Website (interesting resources)
- A.I. Alekseev Geography of Russia Bustard 2011
- M.O. Polyakova Geography short course M. Exam 2007
- Geography and ecology of Moscow and the Moscow region "Tutorial"
M. 2000
- E.V. Bryzgalin, Yu.M. Dedkov and others. Ecology of the Moscow region: Encyclopedic manual M. 2001.